Chemical Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Cancer Effects of Italian Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. Methanol Leaves Extracts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals and Reagents
2.2. Plant Materials
2.3. Extraction Procedure
2.4. HPLC-DAD-ESI-Q-MS Profiling
2.5. In Vitro Antioxidant Activity
2.5.1. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) Assay
2.5.2. ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) Assay
2.5.3. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Test
2.5.4. Carotene Bleaching Test
2.6. Cell Cultures
2.7. Inhibition of NO Production in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells
2.8. Immuno-Fluorescence Monitoring Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) Translocation
2.9. Reactive Oxygen Species Assessment
2.10. Cell Viability Assay
2.11. Wound-Healing Scratch Assay
2.12. Conditioned Medium Effects Assessment
2.13. TUNEL Assay
2.14. Hemolysis Assay
2.15. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Chemical Composition
3.2. In Vitro Antioxidant Activity
3.3. Nitric Oxide Production in RAW 264.7 Cells
3.4. Rosemary Extracts Exert Anti-Inflammatory Effects by Reducing NF-κB Nuclear Translocation and Disrupting the MAPK/NF-κB Pathway
3.5. Rosemary Extracts Exerts Anti-Oxidant Effects by Reducing ROS Levels
3.6. Rosemary Extracts Showed a Promising Anti-Proliferative Effect on Breast Cancer Cell Lines
3.7. Rosemary Extracts Trigger Cell Death by Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells
3.8. Rosemary Reduces MDA-MB-231 Cells Motility and Pro-Inflammatory Behavior of Breast Cancer Cells
3.9. Rosemary Extracts Did Not Exert Hemolytic Effects on Peripheral Blood
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S. rosmarinus | Site of Collection (Southern Italy) | Extraction Procedure | Yield (%) |
---|---|---|---|
R1 | Cirò Superiore (Ionian coast) | Maceration | 11.63 ± 1.34 |
R2 | Ultrasound-assisted extraxction | 10.45 ± 1.11 | |
R3 | Praia a Mare (Thyrrenian coast) | Maceration | 10.71 ± 1.43 |
R4 | Ultrasound-assisted extraxction | 7.44 ± 0.87 |
Peak | Rt | UV λ(nm) | Molecular Ion [M−H]− (m/z) | Molecular Ion [M+H]+ (m/z) | Identification | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 11.6 | 220/240/295/325 | 179 | Caffeic acid | [30] | |
2 | 17.8 | 200/225/285 | 609 | 611 | Hesperidin | [30,37] |
3 | 18.8 | 208/275/340 | 477 | 479 | Isorhamnetin-3-O-hexoside | [30,37] |
4 | 20.6 | 200/280/290/330 | 359 | 361 | Rosmarinic acid (cis,trans) 2 | [30] |
5 | 23.8 | 205/242/270/340 | 461 | 463 | Hispidulin-7-glucoside | [37] |
6 | 26.8 | 205/270/340 | 503 | 505 | Luteolin -3′-acetyl-O-glucuronide | [37] |
7 | 28.9 | 208/286 | 345 | 347 | Rosmanol isomer 1 | [30,37] |
8 | 30.4 | 205/285 | 345 | 347 | Rosmanol isomer 1 | [30,37] |
9 | 32.8 | 205/290 | 345 | 347 | Rosmanol isomer 1 | [30,37] |
10 | 34.5 | 205/290 | 315 | Dihydroxydimethoxy flavone | [37] | |
11 | 42.5 | 208/280/335 | 283 | 285 | Genkwanin | [30,37] |
12 | 44.4 | 207/291 | 359 | Rosmanol methylether isomer | [37] | |
13 | 46.5 | 205/286 | 329 | 331 | Carnosol 2 | [30] |
14 | 47.6 | 265/300/345 | 593 | Kaempferol | [30] | |
15 | 48.4 | 227/280 | 315 | 317 | Rosmaridiphenol | [30] |
16 | 49.9 | 208/233/285 | 345 | 12-O-methylcarnosic acid | [30,37] | |
17 | 50.1 | 204/235/287 | 331 | Carnosic acid 2 | [30,37] | |
18 | 54.5 | 593 3 | Oleanolic acid/Ursolic acid 2 | [30] |
Extract | Rosmarinic Acid (Rt 20.6 min) | Triterpene Acids (Rt 54.5 min) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
(*) | (% g/g) | (*) | (% g/g) | |
R1 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 5.39 | 0.340 ± 0.008 | 16.67 |
R2 | 0.066 ± 0.009 | 3.84 | 0.380 ± 0.023 | 22.09 |
R3 | 0.0384 ± 0.0067 | 2.09 | 0.393 ± 0.043 | 21.36 |
R4 | 0.0407 ± 0.0068 | 2.37 | 0.167 ± 0.026 | 9.71 |
S. rosmarinus | DPPH a Test IC50 (μg/mL) | ABTS b Test IC50 (μg/mL) | β-carotene Bleaching Test IC50 (μg/mL) | FRAP c Test μM Fe (II)/g 1 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
30 min | 60 min | ||||
R1 | 8.83 ± 0.82 ** | 1.48 ± 0.10 | 12.53 ± 1.20 **** | 8.87 ± 0.85 **** | 95.17 ± 6.62 |
R2 | 8.80 ± 0.81 ** | 0.94 ± 0.09 | 7.18 ± 0.76 **** | 6.53 ± 0.65 **** | 80.09 ± 5.01 |
R3 | 11.23 ± 1.14 **** | 1.57 ± 0.14 *** | 45.57 ± 3.90 **** | 26.61 ± 2.62 **** | 97.20 ± 6.30 |
R4 | 14.76 ± 1.42 **** | 2.01 ± 0.24 | 10.84 ± 1.05 **** | 10.75 ± 1.03 **** | 76.77 ± 5.13 |
Positive control | |||||
Ascorbic acid | 5.02 ± 0.80 | 1.71 ± 0.06 | |||
Propyl gallate | 0.09 ± 0.004 | 0.09 ± 0.004 | |||
BHT | 63.20 ± 4.32 |
IC50 ± SD (µg/mL) | |||
---|---|---|---|
R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 |
3.46 ± 0.78 | 1.71 ± 0.40 | 2.03 ± 0.20 | 5.53 ± 1.26 |
Cell Line | R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MCF-7 | IC50 (µg/mL) | 11.48 | 10.96 | 23.33 | 32.17 |
95% confidence interval | 8.688 to 14.90 | 8.391 to 14.06 | 17.07 to 31.77 | 27.43 to 37.72 | |
MDA-MB-231 | IC50 (µg/mL) | 8.648 | 6.830 | 12.24 | 15.67 |
95% confidence interval | 5.687 to 12.50 | 4.169 to 10.31 | 7.992 to 17.94 | 12.80 to 19.09 | |
MCF-10A | IC50 (µg/mL) | 285.6 | 265.7 | 241.9 | 212.3 |
95% confidence interval | 140.1 to 1456 | 137.4 to 987.8 | 140.1 to 585.9 | 93.64 to 1601 |
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Brindisi, M.; Bouzidi, C.; Frattaruolo, L.; Loizzo, M.R.; Tundis, R.; Dugay, A.; Deguin, B.; Cappello, A.R.; Cappello, M.S. Chemical Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Cancer Effects of Italian Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. Methanol Leaves Extracts. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090826
Brindisi M, Bouzidi C, Frattaruolo L, Loizzo MR, Tundis R, Dugay A, Deguin B, Cappello AR, Cappello MS. Chemical Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Cancer Effects of Italian Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. Methanol Leaves Extracts. Antioxidants. 2020; 9(9):826. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090826
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrindisi, Matteo, Chouaha Bouzidi, Luca Frattaruolo, Monica R. Loizzo, Rosa Tundis, Annabelle Dugay, Brigitte Deguin, Anna Rita Cappello, and Maria Stella Cappello. 2020. "Chemical Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Cancer Effects of Italian Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. Methanol Leaves Extracts" Antioxidants 9, no. 9: 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090826