The Effect of Plant Additives on the Stability of Polyphenols in Cloudy and Clarified Juices from Black Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. HPLC Analysis of Chokeberry Juices/Drinks Polyphenolic Compounds
2.4. Analysis of Polyphenolic Compounds of Spice Plants Extracts in the LC-MS System
2.5. Anthocyanin Degradation Kinetics
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Profile of Polyphenolic Compounds in Juices/Drinks
3.2. The Effect of the Pasteurisation Process on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Juices/Drinks
3.3. The Effect of Storage on the Content of Polyphenolic Compounds in Pasteurised Juices/Drinks
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Juice/Drink | |||
---|---|---|---|
Additive | Unpasteurised | Pasteurised | |
(+)-catechin [mg/100 mL] | |||
Clarified | No additives | 1.57 ± 0.00 A,a,b | 1.51 ± 0.09 A,b,c |
Ascorbic acid | 1.70 ± 0.02 A,a,b | 1.60 ± 0.03 B,a,b | |
Cinnamon extract | 1.57 ± 0.15 A,a,b | 1.39 ± 0.01 A,c | |
Clove extract | 1.81 ± 0.02 A,a | 1.73 ± 0.04 A,a | |
Cloudy | No additives | 1.58 ± 0.02 A,a,b | 1.52 ± 0.06 A,b,c |
Ascorbic acid | 1.66 ± 0.01 A,a,b | 1.75 ± 0.09 A,a | |
Cinnamon extract | 1.45 ± 0.04 A,b | 1.48 ± 0.02 A,b,c | |
Clove extract | 1.70 ± 0.12 A,a,b | 1.77 ± 0.11 A,a | |
(−)-epicatechin [mg/100 mL] | |||
Clarified | No additives | 4.42 ± 0.02 A,b | 4.53 ± 0.07 A,c |
Ascorbic acid | 4.50 ± 0.08 A,b | 4.53 ± 0.06 A,c | |
Cinnamon extract | 4.63 ± 0.11 A,a,b | 4.82 ± 0.04 A,a | |
Clove extract | 4.74 ± 0.07 A,a,b | 4.79 ± 0.03 A,a,b | |
Cloudy | No additives | 4.65 ± 0.02 A,a,b | 4.66 ± 0.14 A,a,b,c |
Ascorbic acid | 4.44 ± 0.02 A,b | 4.60 ± 0.09 A,b,c | |
Cinnamon extract | 4.62 ± 0.04 A,a,b | 4.82 ± 0.05 A,a | |
Clove extract | 4.94 ± 0.18 A,a | 4.86 ± 0.02 A,a | |
neochlorogenic acid [mg/100 mL] | |||
Clarified | No additives | 33.21 ± 0.51 A,a,b | 34.05 ± 0.56 A,a |
Ascorbic acid | 34.77 ± 0.89 A,a | 33.86 ± 0.33 A,a,b | |
Cinnamon extract | 31.59 ± 0.33 A,b,c | 31.76 ± 0.68 A,b,c | |
Clove extract | 32.91 ± 0.10 A,a,b | 32.42 ± 0.63 A,a,b,c | |
Cloudy | No additives | 34.70 ± 1.21 A,a | 34.19 ± 0.64 A,a |
Ascorbic acid | 32.80 ± 0.07 A,a,b | 31.22 ± 1.19 A,c | |
Cinnamon extract | 31.82 ± 0.37 A,b,c | 31.87 ± 0.46 A,b,c | |
Clove extract | 30.03 ± 0.72 A,c | 30.81 ± 1.06 A,c | |
chlorogenic acid [mg/100 mL] | |||
Clarified | No additives | 30.30 ± 0.04 A,a,b,c | 30.97 ± 0.35 A,a |
Ascorbic acid | 32.13 ± 0.51 A,a | 30.82 ± 0.34 B,a | |
Cinnamon extract | 28.94 ± 0.32 A,c,d | 28.98 ± 0.27 A,b | |
Clove extract | 30.23 ± 0.05 A,b,c | 30.08 ± 0.46 A,a,b | |
Cloudy | No additives | 31.98 ± 1.14 A,a,b | 31.15 ± 0.64 A,a |
Ascorbic acid | 29.39 ± 0.11 A,c | 28.93 ± 0.35 A,b | |
Cinnamon extract | 29.22 ± 0.06 A,c | 29.25 ± 0.32 A,b | |
Clove extract | 27.28 ± 0.22 A,d | 27.28 ± 0.54 A,c |
Juice/Drink | |||
---|---|---|---|
Additive | Unpasteurised | Pasteurised | |
quercetin-3-O-vicianoside [mg/100 mL] | |||
Clarified | No additives | 4.00 ± 0.07 B,a | 4.86 ± 0.06 A,a |
Ascorbic acid | 4.07 ± 0.10 A,a | 3.90 ± 0.05 A,b,c | |
Cinnamon extract | 3.68 ± 0.02 B,b | 3.76 ± 0.02 A,b,c | |
Clove extract | 3.89 ± 0.00 A,a | 3.79 ± 0.02 B,b,c | |
Cloudy | No additives | 3.90 ± 0.07 B,a | 4.81 ± 0.12 A,a |
Ascorbic acid | 3.86 ± 0.03 A,a,b | 3.82 ± 0.11 A,b,c | |
Cinnamon extract | 3.91 ± 0.02 A,a | 3.99 ± 0.09 A,b | |
Clove extract | 3.65 ± 0.01 A,b | 3.68 ± 0.21 A,c | |
quercetin-3-O-galactoside [mg/100 mL] | |||
Clarified | No additives | 3.98 ± 0.05 B,a,b | 4.28 ± 0.08 A,a |
Ascorbic acid | 4.30 ± 0.02 A,a | 3.96 ± 0.06 B,b | |
Cinnamon extract | 3.60 ± 0.01 B,b | 3.71 ± 0.03 A,b,c | |
Clove extract | 3.87 ± 0.01 A,a,b | 3.76 ± 0.01 B,b,c | |
Cloudy | No additives | 4.00 ± 0.22 A,a,b | 4.27 ± 0.12 A,a |
Ascorbic acid | 3.99 ± 0.21 A,a,b | 3.81 ± 0.12 A,b,c | |
Cinnamon extract | 3.77 ± 0.04 A,b | 3.87 ± 0.07 A,b,c | |
Clove extract | 3.59 ± 0.03 A,b | 3.59 ± 0.21 A,c | |
quercetin-3-O-rutinoside [mg/100 mL] | |||
Clarified | No additives | 3.76± 0.09 B,a,b | 4.11 ± 0.04 A,a |
Ascorbic acid | 4.10± 0.10 A,a | 3.71 ± 0.06 B,b | |
Cinnamon extract | 3.44± 0.04 A,b | 3.54 ± 0.04 A,c | |
Clove extract | 3.93± 0.02 A,a,b | 3.89 ± 0.04 A,a,b,c | |
Cloudy | No additives | 3.90± 0.34 A,a,b | 4.12 ± 0.10 A,a |
Ascorbic acid | 3.90± 0.24 A,a,b | 3.71 ± 0.13 A,b,c | |
Cinnamon extract | 3.73± 0.01 A,a,b | 3.77 ± 0.09 A,a,b,c | |
Clove extract | 3.79± 0.03 A,a,b | 4.03 ± 0.31 A,a,b | |
quercetin 3-O-glucoside [mg/100 mL] | |||
Clarified | No additives | 2.51 ± 0.05 A,a,b,c | 2.52 ± 0.05 A,b,c |
Ascorbic acid | 2.76 ± 0.05 A,a,b | 2.53 ± 0.03 B,b,c | |
Cinnamon extract | 2.28 ± 0.03 B,c | 2.37 ± 0.01 A,c | |
Clove extract | 2.80 ± 0.01 A,a | 2.74 ± 0.01 B,a | |
Cloudy | No additives | 2.62 ± 0.16 A,a,b,c | 2.54 ± 0.06 A,b,c |
Ascorbic acid | 2.61 ± 0.18 A,a,b,c | 2.48 ± 0.08 A,b,c | |
Cinnamon extract | 2.41 ± 0.03 A,b,c | 2.47 ± 0.04 A,b,c | |
Clove extract | 2.62 ± 0.08 A,a,b | 2.62 ± 0.14 A,a,b |
Juice/Drink | |||
---|---|---|---|
Additive | Unpasteurised | Pasteurised | |
cyanidin-3-O-galactoside [mg/100 mL] | |||
Clarified | No additives | 74.88 ± 0.63 A,a | 73.93 ± 2.32 A,a,b |
Ascorbic acid | 74.87 ± 3.05 A,a | 74.33 ± 1.45 A,a,b | |
Cinnamon extract | 68.65 ± 2.61 A,a,b | 68.44 ± 1.12 A,b,c | |
Clove extract | 70.47 ± 1.41 A,a,b | 69.15 ± 1.31 A,b,c | |
Cloudy | No additives | 77.34 ± 3.94 A,a | 76.91 ± 1.92 A,a |
Ascorbic acid | 72.23 ± 0.86 A,a,b | 69.58 ± 0.46 B,b,c | |
Cinnamon extract | 64.69 ± 0.96 A,b | 64.10 ± 2.30 A,c | |
Clove extract | 70.33 ± 2.12 A,a,b | 66.07 ± 4.08 A,c | |
cyanidin-3-O-glucoside [mg/100 mL] | |||
Clarified | No additives | 5.03 ± 0.00 A,a | 4.91 ± 0.22 A,a,b |
Ascorbic acid | 5.03 ± 0.23 A,a | 4.92 ± 0.12 A,a,b | |
Cinnamon extract | 4.56 ± 0.21 A,a,b | 4.48 ± 0.06 A,b,c | |
Clove extract | 4.69 ± 0.01 A,a,b | 4.59 ± 0.10 A,b,c | |
Cloudy | No additives | 5.12 ± 0.29 A,a | 5.16 ± 0.16 A,a |
Ascorbic acid | 4.79 ± 0.03 A,a,b | 4.47 ± 0.01 B,b,c | |
Cinnamon extract | 4.16 ± 0.09 A,b | 4.35 ± 0.11 A,c | |
Clove extract | 4.64 ± 0.13 A,a,b | 4.23 ± 0.33 A,c | |
cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside [mg/100 mL] | |||
Clarified | No additives | 58.52 ± 0.76 A,a | 54.40 ± 2.66 A,a,b |
Ascorbic acid | 58.40 ± 2.49 A,a | 58.04 ± 1.49 A,a | |
Cinnamon extract | 53.07 ± 2.27 A,a,b | 52.54 ± 0.83 A,a,b | |
Clove extract | 54.97 ± 0.84 A,a,b | 53.31 ± 1.42 A,a,b | |
Cloudy | No additives | 60.28 ± 3.70 A,a | 57.63 ± 1.97 A,a |
Ascorbic acid | 56.06 ± 1.39 A,a,b | 52.22 ± 2.16 A,a,b | |
Cinnamon extract | 48.25 ± 1.57 A,b | 51.23 ± 2.76 A,b | |
Clove extract | 55.03 ± 3.05 A,a,b | 49.83 ± 3.46 A,b | |
cyanidin-3-O-xyloside [mg/100 mL] | |||
Clarified | No additives | 9.21 ± 0.21 A,a,b | 9.25 ± 0.42 A,a,b |
Ascorbic acid | 9.43 ± 0.53 A,a | 9.22 ± 0.32 A,a,b | |
Cinnamon extract | 8.29 ± 0.31 A,b,c | 8.29 ± 0.15 A,b | |
Clove extract | 9.00 ± 0.05 A,a,b | 8.59 ± 0.26 A,b | |
Cloudy | No additives | 9.19 ± 0.11 A,a,b | 9.82 ± 0.37 A,a |
Ascorbic acid | 8.60 ± 0.10 A,a,b,c | 8.97 ± 0.27 A,a,b | |
Cinnamon extract | 7.81 ± 0.25 A,c | 8.08 ± 0.25 A,b | |
Clove extract | 8.65 ± 0.35 A,a,b,c | 8.35 ± 0.91 A,b |
Juice/Drink | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Storage [Month] | |||||
Additive | 0 | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
(+)-catechin [mg/100 mL] | |||||
Clarified | No additives | 1.51 ± 0.09 B,b,c | 1.96 ± 0.09 A,b,c | 2.01 ± 0.03 A,d | 2.04 ± 0.07 A,bc |
Ascorbic acid | 1.60 ± 0.03 C,a,b | 2.91 ± 0.03 B,a | 3.47 ± 0.04 A,b | 3.57 ± 0.08 A,a | |
Cinnamon extract | 1.39 ± 0.01 C,c | 1.70 ± 0.06 B,d | 1.84 ± 0.02 A,e | 1.80 ± 0.04 A,B,c | |
Clove extract | 1.73 ± 0.04 B,a | 1.99 ± 0.03 A,b,c | 2.05 ± 0.00 A,d | 1.97 ± 0.11 A,b,c | |
Cloudy | No additives | 1.52 ± 0.06 C,b,c | 1.87 ± 0.03 B,c,d | 2.05 ± 0.02 A,d | 2.04 ± 0.06 A,b,c |
Ascorbic acid | 1.75 ± 0.09 C,a | 2.98 ± 0.08 B,a | 3.69 ± 0.03 A,a | 3.54 ± 0.26 A,a | |
Cinnamon extract | 1.48 ± 0.02 B,b,c | 1.81 ± 0.10 A,c,d | 1.82 ± 0.01 A,e | 1.82 ± 0.00 A,c | |
Clove extract | 1.77 ± 0.11 B,a | 2.09 ± 0.07 A,b | 2.14 ± 0.04 A,c | 2.19 ± 0.13 A,b | |
(−)-epicatechin [mg/100 mL] | |||||
Clarified | No additives | 4.53 ± 0.07 A,c | 4.39 ± 0.15 A,b,c | 4.52 ± 0.16 A,b | 4.41 ± 0.18 A,a,b,c |
Ascorbic acid | 4.53 ± 0.06 B,c | 4.75 ± 0.06 A,a | 4.76 ± 0.06 A,a | 4.83 ± 0.08 A,a | |
Cinnamon extract | 4.82 ± 0.04 A,a | 4.31 ± 0.08 B,c | 4.26 ± 0.02 B,c | 4.05 ± 0.09 C,c | |
Clove extract | 4.79 ± 0.03 A,a,b | 4.66 ± 0.03 A,B,a,b | 4.52 ± 0.00 B,b | 4.19 ± 0.19 C,b,c | |
Cloudy | No additives | 4.66 ± 0.14 A,a,b,c | 4.53 ± 0.10 A,a,b,c | 4.61 ± 0.03 A,a,b | 4.35 ± 0.31 A,a,b,c |
Ascorbic acid | 4.60 ± 0.09 A,b,c | 4.68 ± 0.17 A,a,b | 4.73 ± 0.06 A,a | 4.58 ± 0.23 A,a,b | |
Cinnamon extract | 4.82 ± 0.05 A,a | 4.45 ± 0.06 B,a,b,c | 4.28 ± 0.01 C,c | 4.10 ± 0.04 D,b,c | |
Clove extract | 4.86 ± 0.02 A,a | 4.55 ± 0.15 A,a,b,c | 4.61 ± 0.02 A,a,b | 4.54 ± 0.19 A,a,b,c | |
neochlorogenic acid [mg/100 mL] | |||||
Clarified | No additives | 34.05 ± 0.56 A,a | 34.02 ± 0.99 A,a | 36.12 ± 0.39 A,a | 34.79 ± 1.30 A,a |
Ascorbic acid | 33.86 ± 0.33 C,a,b | 36.89 ± 2.46 A,a | 36.26 ± 0.30 A,B,a | 34.92 ± 1.00 B,C,a | |
Cinnamon extract | 31.76 ± 0.68 A,B,b,c | 31.30 ± 2.89 B,a | 34.50 ± 0.84 A,b,c | 33.83 ± 0.91 A,B,a | |
Clove extract | 32.42 ± 0.63 A,a,b,c | 33.04 ± 2.33 A,a | 35.66 ± 0.41 A,a,b | 32.58 ± 1.31 A,a | |
Cloudy | No additives | 34.19 ± 0.64 A,a | 36.85 ± 2.88 A,a | 36.72 ± 0.34 A,a | 34.21 ± 2.27 A,a |
Ascorbic acid | 31.22 ± 1.19 A,c | 32.71 ± 0.09 A,a | 33.85 ± 0.44 A,c,d | 32.77 ± 2.03 A,a | |
Cinnamon extract | 31.87 ± 0.46 A,b,c | 32.30 ± 1.98 A,a | 34.63 ± 0.25 A,b,c | 33.56 ± 0.95 A,a | |
Clove extract | 30.81 ± 1.06 A,c | 31.40 ± 3.27 A,a | 32.95 ± 0.43 A,d | 32.63 ± 0.46 A,a | |
chlorogenic acid [mg/100 mL] | |||||
Clarified | No additives | 30.97 ± 0.35 A,a | 30.82 ± 0.33 A,B,a,b | 30.32 ± 0.12 A,B,a,b | 29.28 ± 1.09 A,B,a,b |
Ascorbic acid | 30.82 ± 0.34 A,B,a | 31.20 ± 0.02 A,a | 30.74 ± 0.23 A,B,a | 29.94 ± 0.73 B,a | |
Cinnamon extract | 28.98 ± 0.27 A,b | 27.78 ± 0.44 B,d,e | 29.04 ± 0.26 A,c | 28.46 ± 0.52 A,B,a,b | |
Clove extract | 30.08 ± 0.46 A,a,b | 29.51 ± 1.12 A,a,b,c | 29.98 ± 0.16 A,b | 27.96 ± 1.24 A,a,b | |
Cloudy | No additives | 31.15 ± 0.64 A,a | 30.79 ± 0.61 A,B,a,b | 30.77 ± 0.08 A,B,a | 29.38 ± 0.89 B,a,b |
Ascorbic acid | 28.93 ± 0.35 A,b | 28.95 ± 0.54 A,c,d | 28.38 ± 0.21 A,d | 27.21 ± 1.73 A,a,b | |
Cinnamon extract | 29.25 ± 0.32 A,b | 29.48 ± 0.34 A,b,c | 28.84 ± 0.08 A,B,c,d | 27.98 ± 0.79 B,a,b | |
Clove extract | 27.28 ± 0.54 A,c | 27.17 ± 0.71 A,e | 27.14 ± 0.19 A,e | 26.82 ± 0.44 A,b |
Juice/Drink | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Storage [month] | |||||
Additive | 0 | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
quercetin-3-O-vicianoside [mg/100 mL] | |||||
Clarified | No additives | 4.86 ± 0.06 A,a | 4.65 ± 0.10 B,a | 4.36 ± 0.08 C,a | 4.25 ± 0.09 C,a |
Ascorbic acid | 3.90 ± 0.05 B,b,c | 4.38 ± 0.07 A,a,b | 4.36 ± 0.06 A,a | 4.32 ± 0.13 A,a | |
Cinnamon extract | 3.76 ± 0.02 B,b,c | 3.74 ± 0.23 B,c | 4.13 ± 0.06 A,a,b | 3.98 ± 0.14 A,B,a | |
Clove extract | 3.79 ± 0.02 B,C,b,c | 3.68 ± 0.03 C,c | 4.17 ± 0.06 A,a,b | 3.95 ± 0.15 A,B,a | |
Cloudy | No additives | 4.81 ± 0.12 A,a | 4.41 ± 0.07 A,B,a,b | 4.23 ± 0.34 B,a,b | 4.39 ± 0.23 A,B,a |
Ascorbic acid | 3.82 ± 0.11 B,b,c | 4.54 ± 0.19 A,a,b | 4.24 ± 0.01 AB,a,b | 4.06 ± 0.28 B,a | |
Cinnamon extract | 3.99 ± 0.09 B,b | 4.38 ± 0.09 A,a,b | 4.22 ± 0.01 A,B,a,b | 4.01 ± 0.25 A,B,a | |
Clove extract | 3.68 ± 0.21 B,c | 4.22 ± 0.11 A,b | 3.99 ± 0.00 A,B,b | 3.94 ± 0.09 A,B,a | |
quercetin-3-O-galactoside [mg/100 mL] | |||||
Clarified | No additives | 4.28 ± 0.08 A,a | 4.05 ± 0.06 A,B,a | 3.76 ± 0.12 C,a,b | 3.77 ± 0.15 B,C,a |
Ascorbic acid | 3.96 ± 0.06 A,b | 4.05 ± 0.11 A,a | 3.92 ± 0.05 A,a | 3.83 ± 0.16 A,a | |
Cinnamon extract | 3.71 ± 0.03 A,b,c | 3.65 ± 0.15 A,B,c,d | 3.54 ± 0.05 A,B,c,d | 3.44 ± 0.10 B,a | |
Clove extract | 3.76 ± 0.01 A,b,c | 3.69 ± 0.07 A,c,d | 3.62 ± 0.09 A,b,c | 3.64 ± 0.28 A,a | |
Cloudy | No additives | 4.27 ± 0.12 A,a | 3.86 ± 0.05 B,a,b,c | 3.85 ± 0.01 B,a | 3.78 ± 0.17 B,a |
Ascorbic acid | 3.81 ± 0.12 A,b,c | 3.97 ± 0.11 A,a,b | 3.76 ± 0.02 A,a,b | 3.57 ± 0.28 A,a | |
Cinnamon extract | 3.87 ± 0.07 A,b,c | 3.73 ± 0.09 A,B,b,c,d | 3.59 ± 0.02 B,C,b,c,d | 3.45 ± 0.08 C,a | |
Clove extract | 3.59 ± 0.21 A,c | 3.51 ± 0.07 A,d | 3.45 ± 0.01 A,d | 3.39 ± 0.04 A,a | |
quercetin-3-O-rutinoside [mg/100 mL] | |||||
Clarified | No additives | 4.11 ± 0.04 A,a | 3.82 ± 0.29 A,a,b | 3.37 ± 0.08 B,a | 3.31 ± 0.16 B,a |
Ascorbic acid | 3.71 ± 0.06 A,bc | 3.43 ± 0.07 B,a,b | 3.40 ± 0.03 B,a | 3.47 ± 0.06 B,a | |
Cinnamon extract | 3.54 ± 0.04 A,c | 3.27 ± 0.19 A,B,b | 3.23 ± 0.03 B,a | 3.18 ± 0.08 B,a | |
Clove extract | 3.89 ± 0.04 A,a,b,c | 3.61 ± 0.27 A,B,a,b | 3.26 ± 0.02 B,C,a | 3.10 ± 0.07 C,a | |
Cloudy | No additives | 4.12 ± 0.10 A,a | 3.43 ± 0.02 B,a,b | 3.25 ± 0.34 B,a | 3.51 ± 0.37 A,B,a |
Ascorbic acid | 3.71 ± 0.13 A,b,c | 3.70 ± 0.27 A,a,b | 3.37 ± 0.00 A,a | 3.27 ± 0.31 A,a | |
Cinnamon extract | 3.77 ± 0.09 A,a,b,c | 3.52 ± 0.20 A,B,a,b | 3.24 ± 0.02 B,a | 3.11 ± 0.29 B,a | |
Clove extract | 4.03 ± 0.31 A,a,b | 3.89 ± 0.10 A,a | 3.19 ± 0.01 B,a | 3.21 ± 0.03 B,a | |
quercetin-3-O-glucoside [mg/100 mL] | |||||
Clarified | No additives | 2.52 ± 0.05 A,b,c | 2.49 ± 0.02 A,a,b | 2.39 ± 0.04 A,B,b,c | 2.31 ± 0.10 B,b,c,d |
Ascorbic acid | 2.53 ± 0.03 A,b,c | 2.50 ± 0.02 A,a,b | 2.47 ± 0.02 A,a,b,c | 2.49 ± 0.03 A,a,b,c | |
Cinnamon extract | 2.37 ± 0.01 A,c | 2.21 ± 0.13 A,c | 2.24 ± 0.02 A,c | 2.21 ± 0.04 A,c,d | |
Clove extract | 2.74 ± 0.01 A,a | 2.72 ± 0.04 A,a | 2.74 ± 0.01 A,a | 2.55 ± 0.08 B,a,b | |
Cloudy | No additives | 2.54 ± 0.06 A,b,c | 2.40 ± 0.03 A,b,c | 2.26 ± 0.27 A,c | 2.35 ± 0.06 A,a,b,c,d |
Ascorbic acid | 2.48 ± 0.08 A,b,c | 2.37 ± 0.15 A,b,c | 2.42 ± 0.00 A,b,c | 2.33 ± 0.16 A,a,b,c,d | |
Cinnamon extract | 2.47 ± 0.04 A,b,c | 2.24 ± 0.04 A,B,c | 2.25 ± 0.01 A,B,c | 2.10 ± 0.21 B,d | |
Clove extract | 2.62 ± 0.14 A,a,b | 2.59 ± 0.09 A,a,b | 2.64 ± 0.01 A,a,b | 2.63 ± 0.03 A,a |
Juice/Drink | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Storage [Month] | |||||
Additive | 0 | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
cyaniding-3-O-galactoside [mg/100 mL] | |||||
Clarified | No additives | 73.93 ± 2.32 A,a,b | 46.98 ± 0.95 B,a,b | 32.43 ± 4.45 C,a,b | 23.83 ± 2.25 D,a,b |
Ascorbic acid | 74.33 ± 1.45 A,a,b | 30.68 ± 0.51 B,e | 14.57 ± 2.81 C,d | 10.96 ± 3.09 C,c | |
Cinnamon extract | 68.44 ± 1.12 A,b,c | 39.06 ± 2.66 B,d | 23.44 ± 0.63 C,c | 14.02 ± 0.84 D,b,c | |
Clove extract | 69.15 ± 1.31 A,b,c | 43.92 ± 1.59 B,b,c | 26.20 ± 0.33 C,b,c | 14.27 ± 2.05 D,b,c | |
Cloudy | No additives | 76.91 ± 1.92 A,a | 50.33 ± 0.81 B,a | 36.30 ± 1.34 C,a | 25.01 ± 5.83 D,a |
Ascorbic acid | 69.58 ± 0.46 A,b,c | 33.76 ± 2.03 B,e | 9.48 ± 1.84 C,d | 6.87 ± 1.90 C,c | |
Cinnamon extract | 64.10 ± 2.30 A,c | 41.40 ± 0.63 B,c,d | 24.17 ± 0.50 C,c | 15.77 ± 0.82 D,a,b,c | |
Clove extract | 66.07 ± 4.08 A,c | 43.86 ± 2.65 B,b,c | 30.07 ± 4.08 C,a,b,c | 22.10 ± 7.32 C,a,b | |
cyanidin-3-O-glucoside [mg/100 mL] | |||||
Clarified | No additives | 4.91 ± 0.22 A,a,b | 2.59 ± 0.11 B,a | 1.62 ± 0.26 C,a,b | 1.12 ± 0.07 D,a,b |
Ascorbic acid | 4.92 ± 0.12 A,a,b | 1.30 ± 0.03 B,e | 0.60 ± 0.12 C,d | 0.44 ± 0.14 C,c | |
Cinnamon extract | 4.48 ± 0.06 A,b,c | 2.16 ± 0.03 B,c | 1.14 ± 0.03 C,c | 0.67 ± 0.04 D,b,c | |
Clove extract | 4.59 ± 0.10 A,b,c | 2.50 ± 0.10 B,a,b | 1.29 ± 0.01 C,b,c | 0.70 ± 0.09 D,b,c | |
Cloudy | No additives | 5.16 ± 0.16 A,a | 2.61 ± 0.05 B,a | 1.79 ± 0.10 C,a | 1.22 ± 0.28 D,a |
Ascorbic acid | 4.47 ± 0.01 A,b,c | 1.59 ± 0.15 B,d | 0.38 ± 0.07 C,d | 0.28 ± 0.07 C,c | |
Cinnamon extract | 4.35 ± 0.11 A,c | 2.24 ± 0.09 B,b,c | 1.18 ± 0.03 C,c | 0.77 ± 0.03 D,a,b,c | |
Clove extract | 4.23 ± 0.33 A,c | 2.44 ± 0.12 B,a,b | 1.47 ± 0.22 C,a,b,c | 1.07 ± 0.36 D,a,b | |
cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside [mg/100 mL] | |||||
Clarified | No additives | 54.40 ± 2.66 A,a,b | 30.82 ± 1.23 B,a,b | 19.97 ± 3.22 C,a,b | 14.17 ± 1.68 C,a |
Ascorbic acid | 58.04 ± 1.49 A,a | 20.01 ± 0.17 B,d | 9.43 ± 1.74 C,e,f | 6.64 ± 1.99 C,b,c | |
Cinnamon extract | 52.54 ± 0.83 A,a,b | 25.14 ± 2.01 B,c | 13.77 ± 0.48 C,d,e | 8.05 ± 0.35 D,a,b,c | |
Clove extract | 53.31 ± 1.42 A,a,b | 29.75 ± 0.53 B,b | 16.39 ± 0.20 C,b,c,d | 8.66 ± 1.23 D,a,b,c | |
Cloudy | No additives | 57.63 ± 1.97 A,a | 33.29 ± 0.70 B,a | 22.65 ± 0.86 C,a | 14.38 ± 4.15 D,a |
Ascorbic acid | 52.22 ± 2.16 A,a,b | 21.58 ± 1.23 B,d | 6.41 ± 1.04 C,f | 4.48 ± 0.94 C,c | |
Cinnamon extract | 51.23 ± 2.76 A,b | 26.15 ± 0.87 B,c | 14.23 ± 0.39 C,c,d,e | 9.00 ± 0.39 D,a,b,c | |
Clove extract | 49.83 ± 3.46 A,b | 29.63 ± 1.32 B,b | 18.72 ± 2.80 C,a,b,c | 13.30 ± 4.27 C,a,b | |
cyanidin-3-O-xyloside [mg/100 mL] | |||||
Clarified | No additives | 9.25 ± 0.42 A,a,b | 4.75 ± 0.26 B,a | 2.81 ± 0.53 C,a,b | 1.93 ± 0.19 C,a,b |
Ascorbic acid | 9.22 ± 0.32 A,a,b | 2.68 ± 0.04 B,e | 1.20 ± 0.22 C,d,e | 0.84 ± 0.28 C,c | |
Cinnamon extract | 8.29 ± 0.15 A,b | 3.74 ± 0.30 B,c,d | 1.91 ± 0.08 C,c,d | 1.08 ± 0.06 D,b,c | |
Clove extract | 8.59 ± 0.26 A,b | 4.45 ± 0.10 B,a,b | 2.30 ± 0.05 C,b,c | 1.21 ± 0.15 D,a,b,c | |
Cloudy | No additives | 9.82 ± 0.37 A,a | 4.79 ± 0.09 B,a | 3.17 ± 0.18 C,a | 2.08 ± 0.46 D,a |
Ascorbic acid | 8.97 ± 0.27 A,a,b | 3.18 ± 0.27 B,d,e | 0.82 ± 0.13 C,e | 0.57 ± 0.10 C,c | |
Cinnamon extract | 8.08 ± 0.25 A,b | 4.06 ± 0.20 B,b,c | 1.97 ± 0.05 C,c | 1.22 ± 0.06 D,a,b,c | |
Clove extract | 8.35 ± 0.91 A,b | 4.66 ± 0.32 B,a,b | 2.66 ± 0.42 C,a,b,c | 1.86 ±0.64 C,a,b |
Juice/Drink | Equation for the Curve of the Logarithm of Substrate Concentration versus Time t [d] for First-Order Reactions | R2 | k [d-1] | t1/2 [d] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
cyanidin-3-O-galactoside | |||||
Clarified | No additives | y= −0.0055x + 1.8526 | 0.9926 | 5.5 × 10−3 | 126.0 |
Ascorbic acid | y= −0.0094x + 1.8129 | 0.9567 | 9.4 × 10−3 | 73.7 | |
Cinnamon extract | y= −0.0076x + 1.8290 | 0.9995 | 7.6 × 10−3 | 91.2 | |
Clove extract | y= −0.0076x + 1.8558 | 0.9957 | 7.6 × 10−3 | 91.2 | |
Cloudy | No additives | y= −0.0054x + 1.8773 | 0.9975 | 5.4 × 10−3 | 128.3 |
Ascorbic acid | y= −0.0119x + 1.8314 | 0.9570 | 11.9 × 10−3 | 58.2 | |
Cinnamon extract | y= −0.0069x + 1.8103 | 0.9980 | 6.9 × 10−3 | 100.4 | |
Clove extract | y= −0.0053x + 1.8097 | 0.9960 | 5.3 × 10−3 | 130.8 | |
cyanidin−3-O-glucoside | |||||
Clarified | No additives | y= −0.0071x + 0.6602 | 0.9852 | 7.1 × 10−3 | 97.6 |
Ascorbic acid | y= −0.0116x + 0.5786 | 0.9244 | 11.6 × 10−3 | 59.7 | |
Cinnamon extract | y= −0.0092x + 0.6300 | 0.9950 | 9.2 × 10−3 | 75.3 | |
Clove extract | y= −0.0091x + 0.6645 | 0.9998 | 9.1 × 10−3 | 76.2 | |
Cloudy | No additives | y= −0.0068x + 0.6733 | 0.9755 | 6.8 × 10−3 | 101.9 |
Ascorbic acid | y= −0.0142x + 0.6062 | 0.9537 | 14.2 × 10−3 | 48.8 | |
Cinnamon extract | y= −0.0085x + 0.6175 | 0.9912 | 8.5 ×10−3 | 81.5 | |
Clove extract | y= −0.0067x + 0.6043 | 0.9871 | 6.7 × 10−3 | 103.4 | |
cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside | |||||
Clarified | No additives | y = −0.0065x + 1.7102 | 0.9874 | 6.5 × 10−3 | 106.6 |
Ascorbic acid | y = −0.0105x + 1.6880 | 0.9536 | 10.5 ×10−3 | 66.0 | |
Cinnamon extract | y = −0.0090x + 1.6972 | 0.9947 | 9.0 × 10−3 | 77.0 | |
Clove extract | y = −0.0088x + 1.7321 | 0.9996 | 8.8 × 10−3 | 78.8 | |
Cloudy | No additives | y = −0.0066x + 1.7454 | 0.9953 | 6.6 × 10−3 | 105.0 |
Ascorbic acid | y = −0.0124x + 1.6865 | 0.9635 | 12.4 × 10−3 | 55.9 | |
Cinnamon extract | y = −0.0084x + 1.6881 | 0.9930 | 8.4 × 10−3 | 82.5 | |
Clove extract | y = −0.0064x + 1.6794 | 0.9918 | 6.4 × 10−3 | 108.3 | |
cyanidin-3-O-xyloside | |||||
Clarified | No additives | y = −0.0076x + 0.9343 | 0.9343 | 7.6 × 10−3 | 91.2 |
Ascorbic acid | y = −0.0116x + 0.8695 | 0.9430 | 11.6 × 10−3 | 59.7 | |
Cinnamon extract | y = −0.0098x + 0.8939 | 0.9947 | 9.8 × 10−3 | 70.7 | |
Clove extract | y = −0.0095x + 0.9329 | 1.000 | 9.5× 10−3 | 72.9 | |
Cloudy | No additives | y = −0.0073x + 0.9528 | 0.9794 | 7.3× 10−3 | 94.9 |
Ascorbic acid | y = −0.0139x + 0.9083 | 0.9593 | 13.9 × 10−3 | 49.9 | |
Cinnamon extract | y = −0.0093x + 0.8911 | 0.9929 | 9.3 × 10−3 | 74.5 | |
Clove extract | y = −0.0073x + 0.9010 | 0.9894 | 7.3 × 10−3 | 94.9 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Sidor, A.; Drożdżyńska, A.; Brzozowska, A.; Szwengiel, A.; Gramza-Michałowska, A. The Effect of Plant Additives on the Stability of Polyphenols in Cloudy and Clarified Juices from Black Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa). Antioxidants 2020, 9, 801. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090801
Sidor A, Drożdżyńska A, Brzozowska A, Szwengiel A, Gramza-Michałowska A. The Effect of Plant Additives on the Stability of Polyphenols in Cloudy and Clarified Juices from Black Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa). Antioxidants. 2020; 9(9):801. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090801
Chicago/Turabian StyleSidor, Andrzej, Agnieszka Drożdżyńska, Anna Brzozowska, Artur Szwengiel, and Anna Gramza-Michałowska. 2020. "The Effect of Plant Additives on the Stability of Polyphenols in Cloudy and Clarified Juices from Black Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa)" Antioxidants 9, no. 9: 801. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090801