Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Antifibrotic Effects of Kefir Peptides on Salt-Induced Renal Vascular Damage and Dysfunction in Aged Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Kefir Peptides
2.2. Animal Experiment
2.3. Determination of Serum and Urine Biochemical Markers
2.4. Measurement of the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) of Plasma FITC-Inulin
2.5. Histopathological Examination of the Kidneys
2.6. Immunohistochemical Staining
2.7. Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Activity Assays
2.8. Western Blot Analysis
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effects of KPs on the Body Weight, Organ Index, and Biochemical Profiles of Salt-Treated SHRSP Rats
3.2. KPs Attenuated Salt-Induced Glomerulosclerosis and Tubular Damage in SHRSP Rats
3.3. KPs Ameliorated Salt-Induced Interlobular Arterial Thickness in SHRSP Rats
3.4. KPs Improved Salt-Induced Renal Interstitial Collagen Deposition in SHRSP Rats
3.5. KPs Decreased Salt-Induced Renal MCP-1, α-SMA, and ET-1 Expression in SHRSP Rats
3.6. Effect of KPs on Oxidative Stress and Antioxidative SOD Activity in the Kidneys of Salt-Treated SHRSP Rats
3.7. KPs Reduced Salt-Induced Renal Inflammatory Cytokines, the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Fibrotic Activation in SHRSP Rats
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Normal | SHRSP | SHRSP+NaCl | SHRSP+NaCl+KPs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body weight (g) | 398 ± 5.82 a | 322 ± 8.29 b | 202 ± 7.19 c | 317 ± 5.86 b | |
Kidneys index (%) 1 | 0.677 ± 0.019 a | 0.914 ± 0.048 bc | 0.936 ± 0.076 c | 0.835 ± 0.021 bc | |
Serum | BUN (mg/dl) | 15.8 ± 0.3 a | 26.8 ± 2.0 b | 31.7 ± 3.1 b | 30.4 ± 4.5 b |
CRE (mg/dl) | 0.4 ± 0.03 a | 0.4 ± 0.04 a | 0.5 ± 0.08 a | 0.4 ± 0.04 a | |
CRE/BUN ratio | 0.022 ± 0.001 a | 0.015 ± 0.001 a | 0.015 ± 0.002 a | 0.014 ± 0.001 a | |
GFR/g kidney weight (ml/min/g) | 2.19 ± 0.14 a | 1.69 ± 0.31 b | 0.71 ± 0.49 c | 1.60 ± 0.13 b | |
Urine | FeNa (%) 2 | 0.05 ± 0.01 a | 0.23 ± 0.05 a | 1.47 ± 0.52 b | 0.23 ± 0.02 a |
FeK (%) | 7.32 ± 0.66 a | 8.68 ± 1.62 a | 5.91 ± 0.82 a | 8.65 ± 1.31 a | |
FeCl (%) | 0.16 ± 0.01 a | 0.44 ± 0.08 a | 2.33 ± 0.67 b | 0.39 ± 0.05 a | |
UCRE (mg/dl) | 24 ± 3.25 a | 63 ± 3.69 b | 20 ± 2.87 a | 55 ± 3.45 b | |
UPRO (mg/dl) | 42 ± 2.74 a | 764 ± 73.59 b | 901 ± 66.71 c | 762 ± 26.0 b | |
UPC | 0.57 ± 0.04 a | 12.1 ± 1.16 b | 49.3 ± 8.72 c | 14.0 ± 0.76 b |
Lesions 1 | Group 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | SHRSP | SHRSP+NaCl | SHRSP+NaCl+KPs | |
Afferent arteriolopathy, segmental glomerulosclerosis, and tubular atrophy in the juxtamedullary cortex | 0 a | 1.3 ± 0.63 a | 2.5 ± 0.29 b | 0.7 ± 0.33 a |
Cast, hyaline, tubule, focal | 0 a | 2.0 ± 0.41 b | 3.0 ± 0.41 b | 2.0 ± 0.00 b |
Chronic progressive nephrosis | 0 a | 2.5 ± 0.29 c | 3.3 ± 0.25 c | 1.3 ± 0.67 b |
Hypertrophy, media, arterioles, focal | 0 a | 1.8 ± 0.85 b | 3.0 ± 0.00 b | 0.3 ± 0.33 a |
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Chen, Y.-H.; Chen, H.-L.; Fan, H.-C.; Tung, Y.-T.; Kuo, C.-W.; Tu, M.-Y.; Chen, C.-M. Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Antifibrotic Effects of Kefir Peptides on Salt-Induced Renal Vascular Damage and Dysfunction in Aged Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 790. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090790
Chen Y-H, Chen H-L, Fan H-C, Tung Y-T, Kuo C-W, Tu M-Y, Chen C-M. Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Antifibrotic Effects of Kefir Peptides on Salt-Induced Renal Vascular Damage and Dysfunction in Aged Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Antioxidants. 2020; 9(9):790. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090790
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Yu-Hsuan, Hsiao-Ling Chen, Hueng-Chuen Fan, Yu-Tang Tung, Chia-Wen Kuo, Min-Yu Tu, and Chuan-Mu Chen. 2020. "Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Antifibrotic Effects of Kefir Peptides on Salt-Induced Renal Vascular Damage and Dysfunction in Aged Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats" Antioxidants 9, no. 9: 790. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090790