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Antioxidants
Volume 14
Issue 8
10.3390/antiox14080976
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Optimizing Antioxidant and Biological Activities of Quercus Fructus: Synergistic Role of Inner Shell and Extraction Methods

by
Jin Gyeom Kim
1,2,
Hajeong Kim
1,
Beulah Favour Ortutu
1,2,
Woochan Jeong
1,2,
Su-In Yoon
3,
Inhwa Han
1,2 and
Jin Ah Cho
1,2,*
1
Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daehak-ro 99, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
2
Glocal Life-Care Convergence Program, Interdisciplinary Education Center for the Innovative Next Generation Leaders in Glocal Lifecare, Chungnam National University, Daehak-ro 99, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
3
Research Center for Microbiome-Brain Disorders, Chungnam University, Daehak-ro 99, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antioxidants 2025, 14(8), 976; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14080976
Submission received: 1 July 2025 / Revised: 30 July 2025 / Accepted: 6 August 2025 / Published: 8 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Antioxidants, Inflammation, and Chronic Disease)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study comprehensively evaluated how the inclusion of the inner shell and the choice of extraction method influence the antioxidant activity of Quercus Fructus (QF). Eight QF extracts were prepared with or without the inner shell using stirring (S) and ultrasonication (U) with 80% ethanol, boiled water (B) and autoclave (A) with distilled water. Among them, the ultrasonication extract with inner shell (IU) exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity, showing strong DPPH radical scavenging (228.8 mg TEAC/g), ABTS activity (162.9 mg TEAC/g), reducing power (380.9 mg TERP/g), and SOD-like activity (38.1%). HPLC-UV profiling identified quercetin-7-glucoside (Q7G) as a major detectable compound, although several polar phenolics remained unidentified. In LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells, IU significantly suppressed nitric oxide production and iNOS expression without cytotoxicity. Additionally, IU treatment markedly reduced ROS accumulation in H2O2-exposed zebrafish embryos. These findings suggest that including the inner shell with ultrasonication extraction synergistically enhances QF’s antioxidant efficacy, suggesting a practical strategy for maximizing the functional potential of QF in natural antioxidant development.
Keywords: plant-derived bioactive; inner shell utilization; quercetin-7-glucoside plant-derived bioactive; inner shell utilization; quercetin-7-glucoside

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Kim, J.G.; Kim, H.; Ortutu, B.F.; Jeong, W.; Yoon, S.-I.; Han, I.; Cho, J.A. Optimizing Antioxidant and Biological Activities of Quercus Fructus: Synergistic Role of Inner Shell and Extraction Methods. Antioxidants 2025, 14, 976. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14080976

AMA Style

Kim JG, Kim H, Ortutu BF, Jeong W, Yoon S-I, Han I, Cho JA. Optimizing Antioxidant and Biological Activities of Quercus Fructus: Synergistic Role of Inner Shell and Extraction Methods. Antioxidants. 2025; 14(8):976. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14080976

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kim, Jin Gyeom, Hajeong Kim, Beulah Favour Ortutu, Woochan Jeong, Su-In Yoon, Inhwa Han, and Jin Ah Cho. 2025. "Optimizing Antioxidant and Biological Activities of Quercus Fructus: Synergistic Role of Inner Shell and Extraction Methods" Antioxidants 14, no. 8: 976. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14080976

APA Style

Kim, J. G., Kim, H., Ortutu, B. F., Jeong, W., Yoon, S.-I., Han, I., & Cho, J. A. (2025). Optimizing Antioxidant and Biological Activities of Quercus Fructus: Synergistic Role of Inner Shell and Extraction Methods. Antioxidants, 14(8), 976. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14080976

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