Nullity of GSTM1 and GSTT1 Associated with CD4+ T Cells in HIV-Positive Patients from Southern Brazil
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Isolation of Genetic Material or Extraction of Genetic Material/DNA
2.3. GSTM1 (Gene ID: 2944) and GSTT1 (Gene ID: 2952) Genotyping
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AIDS | Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome |
ART | Antiretroviral therapy |
GST | Glutathione-S-transferases |
HIV | Human immunodeficiency virus |
ICF | Informed consent form |
PCR | Polymerase chain reaction |
PCT | Porphyria cutanea tarda |
SCS/TCC | Specialized Care Service and Testing and Counseling Center |
SINAN | Notifiable Diseases Information System |
SNP | Single-nucleotide polymorphisms |
USA | United States of America |
References
- De Alencar, I.T.; Almeida, D.O.; Couto, A.C.O.; Fontes, J.L.F. Main immunological alterations resulting from infection by the Acquired Human Immunodeficiency virus -HIV. Braz. J. Dev. 2022, 8, 50231–50252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oliveira, C.S.; Mendonça, D.S.; Assis, L.M.; Garcia, P.G. AIDS epidemiologic profile in Brazil using the Datasus database. RBAC 2020, 52, 281–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Boletim Epidemiológico HIV/AIDS. Brasília 2021, Ministério da Saúde. Available online: https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/publicacoes/boletins/epidemiologicos/especiais/2021/boletim-epidemiologico-especial-hiv-aids-2021.pdf/view (accessed on 15 November 2022).
- Duarte Filho, E.C. Prevalence of oral lesions strongly associated with HIV in patients attended at the immunology outpatient clinic of Brazilian reference center for HIV/AIDS infection. Dissertation, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. 2018. Available online: http://www.repositorio-bc.unirio.br:8080/xmlui/handle/unirio/12803 (accessed on 15 November 2022).
- Da Silva, D.G.; Lima, R.C.C.; de Oliveira, F.G.; Otero, S.G.; Natário, R.M.; Pereira, L.T.T.; Paz, R.A.A.; de Oliveira, C.F.; de Oliveira Vinhort, G.F.; dos Santos, M.L.F. Epidemiological profile of HIV/AIDS inpatients in Brazil: An integrative literature review. Res. Soc. Dev. 2021, 10, e19410917976. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chatterjee, A.; Gupta, S. The multifaceted role of glutathione S-transferases in cancer. Cancer Lett. 2018, 433, 33–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lima, I.B.; Freitas e Silva, K.S.; Assunção, L.P.; Vilarinho, U.S.; Da Costa, I.R.; Barbosa, A.M.; Moura, K.K.V.O. The polymorphism of the gstm1 and gstt1genes in patients with microdelection in the azf region. Braz. J. Dev. 2020, 6, 21885–21899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silva, C.N.D.; Silva, D.N.D.; Moraes, K.L.; Cordeiro, J.A.B.L.; Brasil, V.V.; Saddi, V.A.; Silva, A.M.T.C. GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes null polymorphisms in kidney cancer susceptibility: Evidence based on a meta-analysis. J. Bras. Nefrol. 2015, 37, 248–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mondal, R.; Ghosh, S.K.; Choudhury, J.H.; Seram, A.; Sinha, K.; Hussain, M.; Laskar, R.S.; Rabha, B.; Dey, P.; Ganguli, S.; et al. Mitochondrial DNA copy number and risk of oral cancer: A report from Northeast India. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e57771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, L.; Cox, A.G.; Ruzicka, J.A.; Bhat, A.A.; Zhang, W.; Taylor, E.W. Molecular modeling and in vitro activity of an HIV-1-encoded glutathione peroxidase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2000, 97, 6356–6361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Watson, R.W.G.; Rotstein, O.D.; Jimenez, M.; Parodo, J.; Marshall, J.C. Augmented intracellular glutathione inhibits Fas-triggered apoptosis of activated human neutrophils. Blood 1997, 89, 4175–4181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Benjamin, U.E.; Oluseye, O.B.; Collen, M.M. Glutathione-S-transferase (M1 and T1) polymorphisms in Nigerian populations. J. Med. Genet. Genom. 2011, 3, 56–60. Available online: https://academicjournals.org/journal/JMGG/article-full-text-pdf/91AE3968484 (accessed on 15 November 2022).
- Soto-Quintana, O.; Zúñiga-González, G.M.; Ramírez-Patiño, R.; Ramos-Silva, A.; Figuera, L.E.; Carrillo-Moreno, D.I.; Gutiérrez-Hurtado, I.A.; Puebla-Pérez, A.M.; Sánchez-Llamas, B.; Gallegos-Arreola, M.P. Association of the GSTM1 null polymorphism with breast cancer in a Mexican population. Genet. Mol. Res. 2015, 14, 13066–13075. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- DeMarini, D.M.; Shelton, M.L.; Warren, S.H.; Ross, T.M.; Shim, J.Y.; Richard, A.M.; Pegram, R.A. Glutathione S-transferase-mediated induction of GC→AT transitions by halomethanes in salmonella. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 1997, 30, 440–447. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bortolli, A.P.R.; Vieira, V.K.; Stefanski, E.E.; Lazarotto, A.K.; Lucio, L.C. Relationship between GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms and HPV infection: A systematic review. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2021, 48, 6631–6636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tangkheunkan, P.; Harncharoen, K.; Thanasitthichai, S.; Tiwawech, D.; Purisa, W.; Saelee, P.; Wattanalai, R. Frequency and association of GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms with survival in breast cancer patients. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2020, 21, 2251–2257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sun, F.C.; Jeng, Y.C.; Lee, M.S.; Wen, C.F.; Chen, T.M.; Lee, M.S. Glutathione-S-transferase M1 and T1 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to the progression of liver fibrosis in HCV-infected patients in Taiwan. J. Med. Biochem. 2014, 33, 259–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuleape, J.A.; Tagoe, E.A.; Puplampu, P.; Bonney, E.Y.; Quaye, O. Homozygous deletion of both GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes is associated with higher CD4+ T cell counts in Ghanaian HIV patients. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0195954. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, H.O.; Lata, S.; Angadi, M.; Bapat, S.; Pawar, J.; Nema, V.; Ghate, M.V.; Sahay, S.; Gangakhedkar, R.R. Impact of GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 gene polymorphism and risk of ARV-associated hepatotoxicity in HIV-infected individuals and its modulation. Pharmacogenomics J. 2017, 17, 53–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chanhom, N.; Jittikoon, J.; Wattanapokayakit, S.; Mahasirimongkol, S.; Charoenyingwattana, A.; Udomsinprasert, W.; Chaikledkaew, U.; Suvichapanich, S.; Mushiroda, T.; Kiertiburanakul, S.; et al. The Association of HLA-B* 35 and GSTT1 Genotypes and Hepatotoxicity in Thai People Living with HIV. J. Pers. Med. 2022, 12, 940. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bortolli, A.P.R.; Vieira, V.K.; Treco, I.C.; Pascotto, C.R.; Wendt, G.W.; Lucio, L.C. GSTT1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms with human papillomavirus infection in women from southern Brazil: A case-control study. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2022, 49, 6467–6474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oliveira, G.R.D.; Vieira, V.C.; Barral, M.F.M.; Döwich, V.; Soares, M.A.; Conçalves, C.V.; Martinez, A.M.B.D. Risk factors and prevalence of HPV infection in patients from Basic Health Units of an University Hospital in southern Brazil. Rev. Bras. Ginecol. Obs. 2013, 35, 226–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Treco, I.C.; Vieira, V.K.; Silva, J.C.D.; Treco, F.R.; Ferreto, L.E.D.; Lucio, L.C. Prevalence and factors associated to cervical changes in units from the Single Health System. Rev. Gaúcha Enferm. 2021, 42, e20200233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dingueleski, A.H.; Kluk, E.; Rotta, G.V.T.; Portugal, M.E.G.; Burci, L.M.; Raboni, S.M. Detection of Human Papilomavirus (HPV) from buccal swabs. Rev. Gestão Saúde 2017, 16, 9–15. Available online: https://herrero.com.br/files/revista/fileee44ea2d4ce792818c0e0aa47af5a714.pdf (accessed on 15 November 2022).
- Trugilo, K.P.; Cebinelli, G.C.M.; Berti, F.C.B.; Okuyama, N.C.M. Polymorphisms in the TGFB1 signal peptide influence human papillomavirus infection and development of cervical lesions. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 2019, 208, 49–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Palma-Cano, L.E.; Córdova, E.J.; Orozco, L.; Martínez-Hernández, A.; Cid, M.; Leal-Berumen, I.; Licón-Trillo, A.; Lechuga-Valles, R.; González-Ponce, M.; González-Rodríguez, E.; et al. GSTT1 and GSTM1 null variants in Mestizo and Amerindian populations from northwestern Mexico and a literature review. Genet. Mol. Biol. 2017, 40, 727–735. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Parsons, M.; Campa, A.; Lai, S.; Li, Y.; Martinez, J.D.; Murillo, J.; Greer, P.; Sales Martinez, S.; Baum, M.K. Effect of GSTM1-polymorphism on disease progression and oxidative stress in HIV infection: Modulation by HIV/HCV co-infection and alcohol consumption. J. AIDS Clin. Res. 2013, 4, 10002337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Djigma, F.W.; Sorgho, P.A.; Soubeiga, S.T.; Yonli, A.T.; Sombie, H.K.; Kiendrebeogo, I.T.; Compaore, T.R.; Ouattara, A.K.; Elvira Bazie, B.V.J.T.; Nagalo, B.M.; et al. Role of glutathione S-transferase (GSTM1 and GSTT1) genes deletion in susceptibility to HIV-1 disease progression. J. Biosci. Med. 2020, 8, 41–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kassogue, Y.; Diakite, B.; Kassogue, O.; Konate, I.; Tamboura, K.; Diarra, Z.; Dehbi, H.; Nadifi, S.; Traore, C.B.; Dao, S.; et al. Genetic polymorphism of drug metabolism enzymes (GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1) in the healthy Malian population. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2020, 47, 393–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Machado, A.P.; Ehrhardt, A. Comparative Analysis Between Microsatellite Markers STR and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism SNP Used in The Forensic Area. Rev. Saúde E Desenvolv. Hum. 2018, 6, 49–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lopes, R.E. The Role of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) of MiRNAs 100 and 146a as Prognostic Factors for Prostate Cancer. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Borges, P.V. Polimorfismos Genéticos de Nucleotídeo Único Relacionados a Sintomas Depressivos em Pacientes Oncológicos: Uma Scoping Review. Master’s Thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nomani, H.; Mozafari, H.; Ghobadloo, S.M.; Rahimi, Z.; Raygani, A.V.; Rahimi, M.A.; Haghi, A.F.; Keshavarz, A.A. The association between GSTT1, M1, and P1 polymorphisms with coronary artery disease in Western Iran. Mol. Cell Biochem. 2011, 354, 181–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leme, C.V.D.; Raposo, L.S.; Ruiz, M.T.; Biselli, J.M.; Galbiatti, A.L.S.; Maniglia, J.V.; Pavarino-Bertelli, E.C.; Goloni-Bertollo, E.M. GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes analysis in head and neck cancer patients. Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. 2010, 56, 299–303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abbas, M.; Verma, S.; Verma, S.; Siddiqui, S.; Khan, F.H.; Raza, S.T.; Siddiqi, Z.; Eba, A.; Mahdi, F. Association of GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene polymorphisms with COVID-19 susceptibility and its outcome. J. Med. Virol. 2021, 93, 5446–5451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de DST, Aids e Hepatites Virais. Manual Técnico para o Diagnóstico da Infecção pelo HIV. Brasília, Ministério da Saúde. 2013. Available online: https://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/manual_tecnico_diagnostico_infeccao_hiv.pdf (accessed on 15 November 2022).
- Raposo, M.A.; Miranda, J.C.; Guimarães, N.S.; Tupinambás, U. Effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment after 12 and 66 months at a reference centre for people living with HIV, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais; 2012-2018. Rev. Med. Minas. Gerais. 2021, 31, e-31101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lima, G.R.R.C.; Freire, G.F.A.; Mariano, K.D.S.; Lopes1, R.C.D.A.; Santos, T.G.S.; Cesar, J.J. Polimorfismos HIV: Impactos na TARV/HIV. Braz. J. Surg. Clin. Res. 2020, 13, 84–89. Available online: https://www.mastereditora.com.br/periodico/20200805_100858.pdf (accessed on 15 November 2022).
- Pernomian, L.S.; De Souza, L.R. Avaliação de eficácia da terapia antirretroviral em portadores de HIV/AIDS atendidos em serviço de referência do interior de São Paulo. Braz. J. Infectar Dis. 2018, 22, 33–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ciccacci, C.; Latini, A.; Politi, C.; Mancinelli, S.; Marazzi, M.C.; Novelli, G.; Palombi, L.; Borgiani, P. Impact of glutathione transferases genes polymorphisms in nevirapine adverse reactions: A possible role for GSTM1 in SJS/TEN susceptibility. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2017, 73, 1253–1259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pagnotta, P.A.; Melito, V.A.; Lavandera, J.V.; Parera, V.E.; Rossetti, M.V.; Zuccoli, J.R.; Buzaleh, A.M. Role of ABCB1 and glutathione S transferase gene variants in the association of porphyria cutanea tarda and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Biomed. Rep. 2021, 14, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ivanov, A.V.; Valuev-Elliston, V.T.; Ivanova, O.N.; Kochetkov, S.N.; Starodubova, E.S.; Bartosch, B.; Isaguliants, M.G. Oxidative Stress during HIV Infection: Mechanisms and Consequences. Oxid Med. Cell. Longev. 2016, 8910396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde. Departamento de Vigilância, Prevenção e Controle das Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, do HIV/Aids e das Hepatites Virais. Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para Manejo da Infecção pelo HIV em Adultos. Brasília, Ministério da Saúde. 2018. Available online: https://www.gov.br/aids/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/pcdts/2013/hiv-aids/pcdt_manejo_adulto_12_2018_web.pdf/view (accessed on 15 November 2022).
Variables | Participants (n = 182) | Valid Frequency (%) |
---|---|---|
Age of sexarche | ||
<18 years | 126 | 69.2 |
≥18 years | 56 | 30.8 |
Active sex life | ||
Yes | 136 | 74.7 |
No | 46 | 25.3 |
Condom use | ||
Yes | 87 | 47.8 |
No | 61 | 33.5 |
Sometimes | 34 | 18.7 |
Why does not use a condom | ||
I do not like | 59 | 32.4 |
Steady partner | 35 | 19.2 |
Not applicable | 88 | 48.4 |
Sexual partners in life | ||
≤5 partners | 95 | 52.2 |
>5 partners | 87 | 47.8 |
New sexual partners in the last year | ||
≤1 partner | 156 | 85.7 |
≥2 partners | 26 | 14.3 |
STI History | ||
Yes | 64 | 35.2 |
No | 118 | 64.8 |
Opportunistic infections | ||
Yes | 30 | 16.5 |
No | 152 | 83.5 |
Chronic diseases | ||
Yes | 92 | 50.5 |
No | 90 | 49.5 |
Smoking | ||
Yes | 86 | 47.3 |
No | 96 | 52.7 |
Number of cigarettes/day | ||
Up to 20 cigarettes/day | 67 | 36.8 |
≤21 cigarettes/day | 19 | 10.4 |
Not applicable | 96 | 52.7 |
Age when started smoking | ||
Up to 20 years | 73 | 40.1 |
≤21 years | 13 | 7.1 |
Not applicable | 96 | 52.7 |
Alcohol intake in the last year | ||
Yes | 107 | 58.8 |
No | 75 | 41.2 |
Use of illicit drugs at the time of infection | ||
Yes | 23 | 12.6 |
No | 159 | 87.4 |
Current use of illicit drugs | ||
Yes | 8 | 4.4 |
No | 174 | 95.4 |
Blood transfusion | ||
Yes | 36 | 19.8 |
No | 146 | 80.2 |
Way you acquired HIV | ||
Sexual | 179 | 98.4 |
Others | 3 | 1.6 |
Aware partner | ||
Yes | 137 | 75.3 |
No | 39 | 21.4 |
Does not know | 6 | 3.3 |
Partner serology | ||
Positive | 78 | 42.9 |
Negative | 52 | 28.6 |
Undetermined | 52 | 28.6 |
Morbidity at diagnosis | ||
HIV | 140 | 76.9 |
AIDS | 42 | 23.1 |
Perception of health status | ||
Excellent/Very good | 36 | 19.8 |
Good | 91 | 50.0 |
Regular/poor | 55 | 30.2 |
Genotypes | Participants (N = 182) | Frequency (%) |
---|---|---|
GSTM1 | ||
M1+ | 16 | 8.8 |
M1− | 166 | 91.2 |
GSTT1 | ||
T1+ | 9 | 4.9 |
T1− | 173 | 95.1 |
GST Combinations | ||
M1+/T1+ | 5 | 2.7 |
M1−/T1+ | 11 | 6.1 |
M1+/T1− | 3 | 1.6 |
M1−/T1− | 163 | 89.6 |
Polymorphism GST | CD4+ T Cell Count at Diagnosis | Odds Ratio | CI 95% | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<350 cell/mm3 | ≥350 cell/mm3 | p | ||||
N (%) | N (%) | |||||
GSTT1+ | 4 (44.4) | 5 (55.6) | 0.733 | 1 | ||
GSTT1− | 65 (37.8) | 107 (62.2) | 1.317 | (0.34–5.08) | 0.689 | |
GSTM1+ | 5 (31.2) | 11 (68.8) | 0.603 | 1 | ||
GSTM1− | 64 (38.8) | 101 (61.2) | 0.717 | (0.24–2.16) | 0.555 | |
Combinations | ||||||
GSTT1+/GSTM1+ | 1 (20.0) | 4 (80.0) | 0.614 | 1 | ||
GSTT1−/GSTM1+ | 5 (45.5) | 6 (54.5) | 0.3 | (0.03–3.63) | 0.344 | |
GSTT1+/GSTM1− | 2 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | 0.125 | (0.005–3.23) | 0.210 | |
GSTT1−/GSTM1− | 61 (37.7) | 101 (62.3) | 0.414 | (0.045–3.79) | 0.435 |
Polymorphism GST | Current CD4+ T Cell Count | Odds Ratio | CI 95% | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<350 cell/mm3 | ≥350 cell/mm3 | p | ||||
N (%) | N (%) | |||||
GSTT1+ | 6 (66.7) | 3 (33.7) | 0.001 | 1 | ||
GSTT1− | 24 (14.0) | 148 (86.0) | 12.33 | (2.89–52.65) | 0.001 | |
GSTM1+ | 6 (37.5) | 10 (62.5) | 0.030 | 1 | ||
GSTM1− | 24 (14.5) | 141 (85.5) | 3.53 | (1.17–10.60) | 0.025 | |
Combinations | ||||||
GSTT1+/GSTM1+ | 3 (60.0) | 2 (40.0) | 0.001 | 1 | ||
GSTT1−/GSTM1+ | 4 (36.4) | 7 (63.6) | 2.63 | (0.3–22.99) | 0.383 | |
GSTT1+/GSTM1− | 2 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | 0.75 | (0.38–14.97) | 0.851 | |
GSTT1−/GSTM1− | 21 (13.0) | 141 (87.0) | 10.07 | (1.59–63.86) | 0.014 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Trevisan, M.G.; Nascimento, M.B.d.; Spada Juníor, V.; Benedetti, V.P.; Ferreto, L.E.D.; Lucio, L.C. Nullity of GSTM1 and GSTT1 Associated with CD4+ T Cells in HIV-Positive Patients from Southern Brazil. Antioxidants 2025, 14, 909. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14080909
Trevisan MG, Nascimento MBd, Spada Juníor V, Benedetti VP, Ferreto LED, Lucio LC. Nullity of GSTM1 and GSTT1 Associated with CD4+ T Cells in HIV-Positive Patients from Southern Brazil. Antioxidants. 2025; 14(8):909. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14080909
Chicago/Turabian StyleTrevisan, Marcela Gonçalves, Marcieli Borba do Nascimento, Valdir Spada Juníor, Volmir Pitt Benedetti, Lirane Elize Defante Ferreto, and Léia Carolina Lucio. 2025. "Nullity of GSTM1 and GSTT1 Associated with CD4+ T Cells in HIV-Positive Patients from Southern Brazil" Antioxidants 14, no. 8: 909. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14080909
APA StyleTrevisan, M. G., Nascimento, M. B. d., Spada Juníor, V., Benedetti, V. P., Ferreto, L. E. D., & Lucio, L. C. (2025). Nullity of GSTM1 and GSTT1 Associated with CD4+ T Cells in HIV-Positive Patients from Southern Brazil. Antioxidants, 14(8), 909. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14080909