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Antioxidants
Volume 14
Issue 5
10.3390/antiox14050581
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Review

The Role of Antioxidant Compounds from Citrus Waste in Modulating Neuroinflammation: A Sustainable Solution

by
Alessia Silla
1,†,
Angela Punzo
1,†,
Cristiana Caliceti
1,
Maria Cristina Barbalace
2,
Silvana Hrelia
2,* and
Marco Malaguti
2,†
1
Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
2
Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Antioxidants 2025, 14(5), 581; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14050581 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 16 April 2025 / Revised: 8 May 2025 / Accepted: 9 May 2025 / Published: 11 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products: Biological, Antioxidant Properties and Health Effects—4th Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

In normal conditions, neuroinflammation induces microglia and astrocyte activation to maintain brain homeostasis. However, excessive or prolonged neuroinflammation can inflict harmful damage on brain tissue. Numerous factors can trigger chronic neuroinflammation, ultimately leading to neurodegeneration. In this context, considering the pressing need for novel, natural approaches to mitigate neuroinflammatory damage, attention has turned to unconventional sources such as agricultural by-products. Citrus fruits are widely consumed globally, producing substantial waste, including peels, seeds, and pulp. Traditionally regarded as agricultural waste, these by-products are now recognized as valuable reservoirs of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, carotenoids, terpenoids, and limonoids. Among these, citrus polyphenols—particularly flavanones like hesperidin, naringenin, and eriocitrin—have emerged as potent modulators of neuroinflammatory pathways through their multifaceted interactions with cellular antioxidant systems, pro-inflammatory signaling cascades, neurovascular integrity, and gut–brain axis dynamics. This review aims to characterize the key molecules present in citrus waste and synthesizes preclinical and clinical evidence to elucidate the biochemical mechanisms underlying neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders.
Keywords: citrus waste; polyphenols; neuroinflammation; neurodegeneration; antioxidant activity; bioavailability; oxidative stress; sustainability citrus waste; polyphenols; neuroinflammation; neurodegeneration; antioxidant activity; bioavailability; oxidative stress; sustainability

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MDPI and ACS Style

Silla, A.; Punzo, A.; Caliceti, C.; Barbalace, M.C.; Hrelia, S.; Malaguti, M. The Role of Antioxidant Compounds from Citrus Waste in Modulating Neuroinflammation: A Sustainable Solution. Antioxidants 2025, 14, 581. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14050581

AMA Style

Silla A, Punzo A, Caliceti C, Barbalace MC, Hrelia S, Malaguti M. The Role of Antioxidant Compounds from Citrus Waste in Modulating Neuroinflammation: A Sustainable Solution. Antioxidants. 2025; 14(5):581. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14050581

Chicago/Turabian Style

Silla, Alessia, Angela Punzo, Cristiana Caliceti, Maria Cristina Barbalace, Silvana Hrelia, and Marco Malaguti. 2025. "The Role of Antioxidant Compounds from Citrus Waste in Modulating Neuroinflammation: A Sustainable Solution" Antioxidants 14, no. 5: 581. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14050581

APA Style

Silla, A., Punzo, A., Caliceti, C., Barbalace, M. C., Hrelia, S., & Malaguti, M. (2025). The Role of Antioxidant Compounds from Citrus Waste in Modulating Neuroinflammation: A Sustainable Solution. Antioxidants, 14(5), 581. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14050581

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