Application of a Cold-Pressing Treatment to Improve Virgin Olive Oil Production and the Antioxidant Phenolic Profile of Its by-Products
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samples
2.2. Standard Compounds
2.3. Cold-Pressure Treatment
2.4. Olive Oil Extraction
2.5. Determination of Moisture Content
2.6. Determination of the Maturity Index
2.7. Extraction and Determination of Total Phenolics and Sugars
2.8. Analysis of Individual Phenolics with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Oil and Water Extractability and Moisture
3.2. Alperujo Characterization
3.3. Characterization of the Vegetation Water
3.4. Phenolic Characterization of the Extracted Olive Oil
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of the Treatment on Oil Extractability and Water Separation
4.2. Effect of Treatment on Alperujo
4.3. Effect of Treatment on the Water Fraction
4.4. Effect on the Phenolic Profile of the Oil
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variety/MI | Treat | Total Sugars | Total Phenolics | Individual Phenolics (mg/kg Dry Matter) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DHPG | HT-Glu | HT | Ty | Sy A | Ve | Lu-Glu | Cg | |||||
Arb | 0.8 | Control | 6.51 ± 0.30 bc * | 3.14 ± 0.13 b | 40.75 ± 2.04 a | 593.24 ± 18.97 e | 113.51 ± 8.79 a | 169.97 ± 12.32 g | 8.72 ± 0.84 a | 345.21 ± 17.81 e | Traces | 290.96 ± 10.21 c |
0.39 MPa | 7.37 ± 0.13 d | 3.57 ± 0.11 b | 35.04 ± 1.98 a | 730.41 ± 32.47 f | 216.58 ± 23.41 c | 166.89 ± 11.00 g | 36.68 ± 2.57 c | 413.13 ± 10.51 fg | Traces | 403.78 ± 32.82 | ||
0.69 MPa | 7.09 ± 0.26 cd | 3.47 ± 0.14 b | 36.75 ± 1.87 a | 755.27 ± 44.08 fg | 282.09 ± 25.12 c | 29.93 ± 3.80 a | 7.00 ± 1.05 a | 365.01 ± 19.52 e | 231.35 ± 8.69 c | 348.45 ± 4.90 d | ||
Ho | 1.1 | Control | 5.79 ± 0.32 b | 2.76 ± 0.14 a | 269.20 ± 11.70 h | 870.91 ± 33.75 g | 141.02 ± 5.64 a | 89.34 ± 4.46 e | 31.08 ± 3.44 c | 446.60 ± 15.50 g | 42.92 ± 7.78 b | 188.51 ± 15.30 a |
0.39 MPa | 6.69 ± 0.21 c | 3.31 ± 0.15 b | 190.38 ± 9.51 f | 1585.50 ± 45.60 h | 386.80 ± 30.01 d | 127.04 ± 12.27 | 28.87 ± 1.20 c | 795.60 ± 20.67 h | 477.77 ± 23.15 d | 179.52 ± 7.84 a | ||
0.69 MPa | 6.75 ± 0.29 c | 3.32 ± 0.16 b | 56.24 ± 4.22 b | 1669.91 ± 52.67 h | 469.14 ± 26.80 de | 112.38 ± 17.12 f | 48.00 ± 2.77 d | 902.52 ± 32.60 i | 657.76 ± 30.50 e | 228.23 ± 6.23 b | ||
1.5 | Control | 3.67 ± 0.06 a | 12.24 ± 0.07 e | 87.72 ± 7.24 c | 208.7 ± 10.12 b | 308.69 ± 9.04 c | 73.18 ± 5.60 e | Traces | Traces | 1124.78 ± 33.81 f | 841.26 ± 27.85 e | |
0.69 MPa | 3.47 ± 0.05 a | 11.77 ± 0.03 de | 89.86 ± 5.50 c | 204.27 ± 12.29 b | 186.48 ± 14.77 b | 99.72 ± 3.42 e | Traces | Traces | 1084.01 ± 42.55 f | 934.92 ± 32.40 e | ||
Pi | 0.9 | Control | 5.08 ± 0.02 b | 2.40 ± 0.08 a | 70.75 ± 2.87 c | 364.42 ± 12.03 cd | 130.30 ± 9.68 a | 60.66 ± 3.30 c | Traces | Traces | Traces | 259.43 ± 10.45 bc |
0.39 MPa | 4.40 ± 0.42 ab | 2.30 ± 0.09 a | 61.16 ± 2.11 b | 348.13 ± 7.42 c | 150.21 ± 18.87 ab | 61.74 ± 4.02 c | Traces | Traces | Traces | 166.79 ± 4.35 a | ||
0.69 MPa | 5.04 ± 0.04 b | 2.38 ± 0.05 a | 102.41 ± 1.20 d | 450.61 ± 21.80 d | 138.13 ± 12.43 a | 67.48 ± 7.60 cd | Traces | Traces | Traces | 324.54 ± 15.60 d | ||
1.2 | Control | 20.05 ± 0.24 f | 9.88 ± 0.12 d | 176.85 ± 11.87 ef | 85.98 ± 16.12 a | 256.53 ± 27.58 c | 43.65 ± 2.32 b | 9.36 ± 1.29 a | 101.14 ± 3.20 d | 12.18 ± 1.10 a | 284.37 ± 16.27 c | |
0.69 MPa | 20.35 ± 0.05 f | 10.03 ± 0.02 d | 152.79 ± 9.65 e | 237.99 ± 30.09 b | 532.20 ± 18.00 e | 71.00 ± 4.33 d | 12.79 ± 2.00 b | 30.14 ± 1.58 a | 201.87 ± 22.37 c | 284.24 ± 12.77 c | ||
2.4 | Control | 10.51 ± 0.10 e | 5.14 ± 0.25 c | 340.12 ± 12.77 i | 342.80 ± 29.36 bc | 1040.91 ± 48.10 f | 117.38 ± 9.23 f | 11.72 ± 1.78 ab | 47.17 ± 3.24 c | 191.26 ± 18.20 c | 324.33 ± 16.80 d | |
0.69 MPa | 9.16 ± 0.38 e | 4.47 ± 0.19 c | 200.20 ± 15.03 fg | 401.57 ± 26.48 d | 1047.75 ± 52.20 f | 111.15 ± 7.74 f | 12.23 ± 1.92 b | 37.18 ± 1.01 b | 222.21 ± 20.13 c | 290.22 ± 17.62 cd |
Variety/MI | Treat | Total Sugars | Total Phenolics | Individual Phenolics (mg/L) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DHPG | HT-Glu | HT | Ty | Sy A | Ve | p-Co | Cg | |||||
Arb | 0.8 | Control | 28.12 ± 0.34 b * | 5.22 ± 0.19 d | 18.23 ± 1.8 a | 300.31 ± 17.08 c | 184.26 ± 14.21 b | 123.25 ± 2.99 d | 15.79 ± 1.39 a | 192.89 ± 11.07 d | 6.51 ± 0.38 a | 219.10 ± 4.73 c |
0.39 MPa | 31.11 ± 0.61 b | 5.15 ± 0.24 d | 18.99 ± 1.92 a | 271.29 ± 13.20 c | 174.19 ± 15.85 b | 122.74 ± 6.06 d | 15.97 ± 1.54 a | 212.02 ± 17.58 d | 6.25 ± 0.08 a | 224.20 ± 9.77 c | ||
0.69 MPa | 26.96 ± 0.48 b | 5.42 ± 0.25 d | 16.74 ± 1.80 a | 295.74 ± 25.53 c | 175.45 ± 19.23 b | 43.46 ± 2.42 a | 17.53 ± 2.89 ab | 190.67 ± 17.77 d | 4.91 ± 0.64 a | 212.15 ± 0.54 c | ||
Ho | 1.1 | Control | 35.27 ± 0.33 c | 4.97 ± 0.23 cd | 95.28 ± 13.12 c | 552.89 ± 20.01 d | 196.57 ± 22.48 bc | 118.58 ± 6.97 d | 12.71 ± 2.76 a | 263.95 ± 16.24 e | 17.26 ± 1.09 c | 95.01 ± 5.73 a |
0.39 MPa | 36.29 ± 1.14 c | 5.22 ± 0.15 d | 120.29 ± 16.39 d | 550.66 ± 7.00 d | 218.76 ± 13.91 c | 121.27 ± 5.99 d | 15.20 ± 2.96 a | 277.84 ± 18.96 e | 17.71 ± 1.46 c | 102.86 ± 7.10 a | ||
0.69 MPa | 36.28 ± 0.67 c | 5.29 ± 0.20 d | 137.91 ± 9.99 de | 559.17 ± 17.84 d | 202.86 ± 2.61 c | 123.85 ± 9.93 d | 20.79 ± 1.58 b | 247.80 ± 13.69 e | 18.20 ± 1.51 c | 100.75 ± 6.16 a | ||
1.5 | Control | 17.80 ± 1.22 a | 6.79 ± 0.66 e | 34.21 ± 3.90 b | 155.82 ± 7.42 b | 558.40 e ±12.24 | 62.15 ±3.08 b | Traces | Traces | 12.87 ± 0.79 b | 799.05 ± 22.75 d | |
0.69 MPa | 15.42 ± 0.55 a | 5.95 ± 0.78 de | 32.02 ± 4.14 b | 148.24 ± 8.80 b | 520.63 ± 15.61 e | 44.08 ± 2.20 a | Traces | Traces | 11.92 ± 1.05 b | 805.12 ± 27.40 d | ||
Pi | 0.9 | Control | 33.12 ± 0.92 bc | 4.72 ± 0.08 c | 198.62 ± 6.10 f | 126.41 ± 3.47 a | 141.34 ± 2.60 a | 76.51 ± 1.11 b | 18.14 ± 1.65 b | 79.02 ± 9.88 bc | 13.67 ± 0.25 b | 190.01 ± 3.01 b |
0.39 MPa | 28.90 ± 1.23 b | 4.48 ± 0.21 c | 164.81 ± 24.30 e | 160.40 ± 4.30 b | 180.31 ± 18.07 b | 86.62 ± 4.66 c | 16.91 ± 1.19 ab | 85.15 ± 5.58 c | 14.10 ± 0.94 b | 185.93 ± 9.59 b | ||
0.69 MPa | 32.00 ± 0.36 bc | 4.65 ± 0.22 cd | 207.21 ± 18.62 f | 147.11 ± 5.71 b | 160.19 ± 17.41 ab | 90.32 ± 4.32 c | 19.09 ± 0.74 b | 90.61 ± 5.16 c | 13.83 ± 0.62 b | 188.66 ± 8.38 b | ||
1.2 | Control | 32.63 ± 0.22 bc | 3.42 ± 0.04 b | 204.21 ± 12.35 f | 590.01 ± 24.09 d | 438.11 ± 19.18 d | 126.71 ± 6.81 d | 25.76 ± 1.12 c | 72.50 ± 2.07 b | 34.78 ± 0.87 d | 597.66 ± 24.50d | |
0.69 MPa | 34.38 ± 0.91 c | 3.50 ± 0.08 b | 99.70 ± 11.47 b | 302.07 ± 21.20 c | 798.12 ± 17.50 f | 112.33 ± 9.80 cd | 25.84 ± 2.55 c | 56.42 ± 1.08 a | 31.72 ± 1.29 d | 602.12 ± 32.00 d | ||
2.4 | Control | 32.05 ± 0.06 c | 3.00 ± 0.06 a | 113.50 ± 7.11 bc | 304.92 ± 15.29 c | 842.51 ± 20.03 f | 148.77 ± 7.88 de | 27.05 ± 3.42 c | 54.01 ± 2.22 a | 30.87 ± 2.07 d | 603.50 ± 27.09 d | |
0.69 MPa | 33.85 ± 0.06 c | 2.88 ± 0.11 a | 171.86 ± 5.42 d | 267.97 ± 9.88 c | 520.97 ± 23.77 e | 153.22 ± 5.43 e | 28.97 ± 2.20 c | 70.41 ± 3.91 b | 35.86 ± 2.57 d | 641.07 ± 37.84 d |
Variety/MI | Treat | Total Phenolics | Individual Phenols (mg/L) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DHPG | HT | Ty | Vanillic Acid | Oleocanthal | Oleacein | ||||
Arb | 0.8 | Control | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 1.99 ± 0.37 ef* | 11.01 ± 1.16 c | 4.92 ± 0.81 ab | 6,46 ± 1.03 g | 311,23 ± 12.98 f | 177,53 ± 11.09 bc |
0.39 MPa | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 0.68 ± 0.26 c | 8.11 ± 0.67 bc | 3.50 ± 0.04 a | 4,73 ± 0.86 f | 243,95 ± 11.23 e | 140,96 ± 12.08 a | ||
0.69 MPa | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 1.46 ± 0.27 e | 8.82 ± 0.45 c | 4.93 ± 0.07 b | 5,41 ± 0.71 fg | 233,47 ± 15.12 e | 141,98 ± 6.66 a | ||
Ho | 1.1 | Control | 0.9 ± 0.0 | 0.36 ± 0.07 ab | 10.27 ± 0.11 c | 7.01 ± 0.06 d | 4,78 ± 0.70 f | 222,73 ± 9.88 e | 193,77 ± 7.01 c |
0.39 MPa | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 0.60 ± 0.11 c | 8.31 ± 1.60 bc | 5.24 ± 0.09 b | 3,58 ± 0.63 ef | 189,84 ± 10.42 d | 163,06 ± 9.89 ab | ||
0.69 MPa | 1.1 ± 0.0 | 0.30 ± 0.07 a | 9.80 ± 1.42 c | 6.36 ± 0.10 c | 1,05 ± 0.08 a | 215,20 ± 15.18 de | 170,67 ± 7.09 b | ||
1.5 | Control | 1.3 ± 0.0 | nd | 12.5 ± 2.31 c | 4.3 ± 1.05 a | nd | 222.9 ± 17.18 e | 270.9 ±8.50 d | |
0.69 MPa | 1.2 ± 0.0 | nd | 11.9 ± 1.99 c | 3.8 ± 1.11 a | nd | 145.6 ± 12.33 b | 252.8 ± 13.2 d | ||
Pi | 0.9 | Control | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 1.33 ± 0.11 de | 6.18 ± 0.01 a | 3.46 ± 0.21 a | 2,98 ± 0.08 e | 140,62 ± 7.02 b | 166,52 ± 7.77 ab |
0.39 MPa | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.40 ± 0.01 b | 28.30 ± 1.03 d | 8.30 ± 0.41 d | 2,90 ± 0.07 e | 51,47 ± 5.63 a | 167,08 ± 9.02 ab | ||
0.69 MPa | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 1.20 ± 0.21 d | 7.91 ± 0.52 bc | 9.37 ± 0.56 de | 2,53 ± 0.11 d | 162,24 ± 4.32 c | 169,60 ± 10.10 ab | ||
1.2 | Control | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 2.14 ± 0.04 f | 33.14 ± 2.40 d | 10,87 ± 1.03 e | 1.73 ± 0.02 c | 146,04 ± 7.77 b | 392,76 ± 15.50 e | |
0.69 MPa | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 0.40 ± 0.01 b | 8.70 ± 0.22 bc | 13,90 ±1.00 f | 1.23 ± 0.01 a | 134,07 ± 6.99 b | 230,77 ± 10.9 d | ||
2.4 | Control | 1.2 ± 0.0 | 1.90 ± 0.02 ef | 73.15 ± 2.47 f | 17,88 ± 2.06 g | 1.55 ± 0.01 b | 146,66 ± 11.70 b | 491,54 ± 22.70 f | |
0.69 MPa | 1.5 ± 0.0 | 4.30 ± 0.65 g | 57.60 ± 4.84 e | 16,61 ± 1.93 a | 1.23 ± 0.01 a | 140,02 ± 10.02 b | 434,80 ± 17.95 ef |
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Fernández-Prior, Á.; Cardoso, J.C.; Bermúdez-Oria, A.; Reyes, Á.T.; Fernández-Bolaños, J.; Rodríguez-Gutiérrez, G. Application of a Cold-Pressing Treatment to Improve Virgin Olive Oil Production and the Antioxidant Phenolic Profile of Its by-Products. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 1162. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061162
Fernández-Prior Á, Cardoso JC, Bermúdez-Oria A, Reyes ÁT, Fernández-Bolaños J, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez G. Application of a Cold-Pressing Treatment to Improve Virgin Olive Oil Production and the Antioxidant Phenolic Profile of Its by-Products. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(6):1162. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061162
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernández-Prior, África, Juan Cubero Cardoso, Alejandra Bermúdez-Oria, Ángeles Trujillo Reyes, Juan Fernández-Bolaños, and Guillermo Rodríguez-Gutiérrez. 2023. "Application of a Cold-Pressing Treatment to Improve Virgin Olive Oil Production and the Antioxidant Phenolic Profile of Its by-Products" Antioxidants 12, no. 6: 1162. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061162
APA StyleFernández-Prior, Á., Cardoso, J. C., Bermúdez-Oria, A., Reyes, Á. T., Fernández-Bolaños, J., & Rodríguez-Gutiérrez, G. (2023). Application of a Cold-Pressing Treatment to Improve Virgin Olive Oil Production and the Antioxidant Phenolic Profile of Its by-Products. Antioxidants, 12(6), 1162. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061162