Stability and Bioaccessibility of Phenolic Compounds in Rosehip Extracts during In Vitro Digestion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Extracts
2.2. In Vitro Digestions
2.2.1. Gastrointestinal Digestion
2.2.2. Colonic Digestion
2.3. Determination of Phenolic Compounds
2.4. Determination of Antioxidant Activity
2.5. Statistical Treatment
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of Rosehip Extracts
3.1.1. Antioxidant Capacity
3.1.2. Individual Phenols
3.2. Effect of Gastrointestinal and Colonic Digestion on Total and Individual Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Properties of Rosehip Extracts
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Initial (Free Fraction) (µg/g) | SGD 1 (µg/g) | SPSID 2 (µg/g) | BI 3 (%) | IPSID 4 (µg/g) | SCD 5 (µg/g) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACIDS | ||||||
Caffeic acid | Nd | 0.83 b | 1.8 a | 13.4 | 0.016 d | 0.060 c |
Chlorogenic acid | Nd | 2.2 a | 2.7 a | 148 | 0.013 b | 0.072 b |
p-Coumaric acid | Nd | 2.5 b | 65.3 a | 2.2 | 0.118 c | 0.075 c |
3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid | 0.79 | nd | nd | - | nd | nd |
Ellagic acid | 208.0 a | 100.7 b | 212.3 a | 93.4 | 2.115 c | 0.936 d |
Ferulic acid | Nd | nd | nd | - | nd | nd |
Gallic acid | 25.2 a | 13.9 b | 30.9 a | 0.68 | 0.247 c | 0.085 d |
Protocatechuic acid | 4.9 b | 32.1 a | 43.3 a | 2.5 | 0.163 d | 0.397 c |
Rosmarinic acid | Nd | nd | nd | - | nd | nd |
p-Salicylic acid | Nd | 1.4 a | nd | - | 0.111 b | 0.042 c |
o-Salicylic acid | Nd | nd | nd | - | nd | 0.235 |
Syringic acid | 3.4 a | 1.4 c | 1.7 b | 7.6 | 0.048 e | 0.122 d |
Vanillic acid | Nd | nd | nd | - | 0.103 | nd |
Total phenolic acids | 242 | 155 | 358 | 3 | 2.934 | 2.024 |
FLAVONOLS | ||||||
Quercetin | 64.6 a | 43.0 b | 33.0 c | 43.2 | 1.285 d | 0.114 e |
Taxifolin | 243.7 a | 189.9 b | 155.6 b | 61.1 | 2.101 c | 0.089 d |
Isoquercetin | 120.2 a | 109.0 a | 111.7 a | 86.8 | 2.129 b | 0.059 c |
Hyperoside | 73.6 b | 83.0 a | 74.8 b | 95.2 | 2.446 c | nd |
Quercitrin | 53.7 a | 56.3 a | 57.4 a | 107 | 0.687 b | 0.037 c |
Kaempferol | 11.1 | nd | nd | - | nd | nd |
Rutin | 15.6 b | 19.3 a | 21.8 a | 138 | 0.179 c | nd |
Narcissoside | 1.4 b | 1.8 a | 1.7 ab | 121 | 0.020 d | 0.032 c |
Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside | 5.4 a | 4.7 a | 4.5 a | 83.3 | 0.163 b | nd |
Total flavonols | 589 | 507 | 460 | 73 | 9.010 | 0.331 |
FLAVAN-3-OLS | ||||||
Catechin | 177 a | 109.7 b | 91.8 c | 41.9 | 2.857 d | 0.140 e |
Epicatechin | 4.7 a | 1.8 c | 2.4 b | 15.2 | 0.070 d | 0.051 d |
Epicatechin gallate | 1.5 b | 1.9 a | 1.8 a | 92.3 | 0.081 c | nd |
Procyanidin A2 | 1.1 b | 1.5 a | 1.5 a | 104 | 0.173 c | 0.165 c |
Procyanidin B1 | 56.5 b | 42.1 b | 120.7 a | 213 | 1.420 c | 0.063 d |
Procyanidin B2 | 15.2 a | 9.3 b | 6.1 b | 40.1 | 0.155 c | nd |
Procyanidin C1 | 2.6 a | 3.7 a | nd | - | 0.066 b | nd |
Total flavanols | 259 | 170 | 224 | 72 | 4.822 | 0.419 |
FLAVONES | ||||||
Luteolin | Nd | nd | nd | - | nd | Nd |
Luteolin-7-O-glucoside | 7.8 a | 7.4 a | 7.5 a | 92.6 | 0.121 b | Nd |
Tangeretin | 2.3 a | nd | 1.9 b | 39.4 | nd | 0.114 c |
Fisetin | Nd | nd | nd | - | nd | Nd |
Total flavones | 10 | 7 | 9 | 50 | 0.121 | 0.114 |
OTHERS | ||||||
Phlorizin | 29.2 b | 52.6 a | 46.7 a | 153.1 | 0.531 c | Nd |
Methyl gallate | 0.70 c | 1.1 b | 4.1 a | 97.6 | 0.153 d | 0.074 e |
TOTAL FREE PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS | 1130 | 893 | 1103 | 9 | 17.571 | 2.962 |
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Odriozola-Serrano, I.; Nogueira, D.P.; Esparza, I.; Vaz, A.A.; Jiménez-Moreno, N.; Martín-Belloso, O.; Ancín-Azpilicueta, C. Stability and Bioaccessibility of Phenolic Compounds in Rosehip Extracts during In Vitro Digestion. Antioxidants 2023, 12, 1035. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12051035
Odriozola-Serrano I, Nogueira DP, Esparza I, Vaz AA, Jiménez-Moreno N, Martín-Belloso O, Ancín-Azpilicueta C. Stability and Bioaccessibility of Phenolic Compounds in Rosehip Extracts during In Vitro Digestion. Antioxidants. 2023; 12(5):1035. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12051035
Chicago/Turabian StyleOdriozola-Serrano, Isabel, Danielle P. Nogueira, Irene Esparza, Ana A. Vaz, Nerea Jiménez-Moreno, Olga Martín-Belloso, and Carmen Ancín-Azpilicueta. 2023. "Stability and Bioaccessibility of Phenolic Compounds in Rosehip Extracts during In Vitro Digestion" Antioxidants 12, no. 5: 1035. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12051035