Modulation of NRF-2 Pathway Contributes to the Therapeutic Effects of Boswellia serrata Gum Resin Extract in a Model of Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Animals
2.3. Carrageenan (CAR)-Induced Paw Edema (Preliminary Data)
2.4. Experimental Groups (Preliminary Data)
- CAR + vehicle: rats were injected with CAR and administered orally with vehicle.
- CAR + Boswellia extract (10 mg/kg): rats were injected with CAR and Boswellia extract was administered orally 30 min before CAR injection.
- CAR + Boswellia extract (50 mg/kg): rats were injected with CAR and Boswellia extract was administered orally 30 min before CAR injection.
- CAR + Boswellia extract (100 mg/kg): rats were injected with CAR and Boswellia extract was administered orally 30 min before CAR injection.
- Sham-operated groups received saline and were treated orally with vehicle or Boswellia (data not shown).
2.5. Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis
2.6. Experimental Groups
- (1)
- Sham + vehicle: rats were injected with CFA and treated orally with vehicle every day for 21 days.
- (2)
- Sham + Boswellia gum extract: rats received CFA and were treated orally with Boswellia gum extract 100 mg/kg every day for 21 days.
- (3)
- EAM + vehicle: rats were injected with emulsified porcine myosin in CFA and treated orally with vehicle every day for 21 days.
- (4)
- EAM + Boswellia gum extract: rats were injected with emulsified porcine myosin in CFA and treated orally with Boswellia gum extract 100 mg/kg every day for 21 days. At 3 weeks post induction, (21 day), rats were killed, blood and heart tissues were collected. The route and dose administration of Boswellia gum extract were selected based on [14]. Since no significant difference was discovered between the sham + vehicle and sham + Boswellia gum extract, simply the data of sham + vehicle groups were displayed.
2.7. Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Measurements
2.8. Biochemical Parameters
2.9. Heart Weight, hw/Body Weight, bw (Hw/Bw)
2.10. Cytokines Measurements
2.11. Macroscopic Evaluation
2.12. Histological Analysis
2.13. Immunohistochemistry for Smooth Muscle Alpha-Actin (α-Sma) and Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) and Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2–Related Factor 2 (NRF-2)
2.14. Malondialdehyde (MDA) Levels
2.15. Determination of Nitric Oxide (NO)
2.16. Immunofluorescence for CD4, CD8, CD45, CD11β
2.17. Western Blot for NRF-2, HO-1 and MnSOD
2.18. Statistical Evaluation
3. Results
3.1. Effects of Boswellia Gum Extract on Paw Damage: Preliminary Data
3.2. Effects of Boswellia Gum Extract on Mean Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Biochemical Parameters, and Hw/Bw in EAM Rats
3.3. Effects of Boswellia Gum Extract on Macroscopic and Microscopic Damage and Fibrosis in EAM Rats
3.4. Effects of Boswellia Gum Extract on α-sma and TGF-β in EAM Rats
3.5. Effects of Boswellia Gum Extract on Cytokines Release in EAM Rats
3.6. Effects of Boswellia Gum Extract on CD4, CD8, CD45 and CD11β Expression in EAM Rats
3.7. Effects of Boswellia Gum Exctract on Oxidative Stress in EAM Rats
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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D’Amico, R.; Fusco, R.; Cordaro, M.; Interdonato, L.; Crupi, R.; Gugliandolo, E.; Di Paola, D.; Peritore, A.F.; Siracusa, R.; Impellizzeri, D.; et al. Modulation of NRF-2 Pathway Contributes to the Therapeutic Effects of Boswellia serrata Gum Resin Extract in a Model of Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 2129. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112129
D’Amico R, Fusco R, Cordaro M, Interdonato L, Crupi R, Gugliandolo E, Di Paola D, Peritore AF, Siracusa R, Impellizzeri D, et al. Modulation of NRF-2 Pathway Contributes to the Therapeutic Effects of Boswellia serrata Gum Resin Extract in a Model of Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis. Antioxidants. 2022; 11(11):2129. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112129
Chicago/Turabian StyleD’Amico, Ramona, Roberta Fusco, Marika Cordaro, Livia Interdonato, Rosalia Crupi, Enrico Gugliandolo, Davide Di Paola, Alessio Filippo Peritore, Rosalba Siracusa, Daniela Impellizzeri, and et al. 2022. "Modulation of NRF-2 Pathway Contributes to the Therapeutic Effects of Boswellia serrata Gum Resin Extract in a Model of Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis" Antioxidants 11, no. 11: 2129. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112129
APA StyleD’Amico, R., Fusco, R., Cordaro, M., Interdonato, L., Crupi, R., Gugliandolo, E., Di Paola, D., Peritore, A. F., Siracusa, R., Impellizzeri, D., Cuzzocrea, S., & Di Paola, R. (2022). Modulation of NRF-2 Pathway Contributes to the Therapeutic Effects of Boswellia serrata Gum Resin Extract in a Model of Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis. Antioxidants, 11(11), 2129. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11112129