ER-Mitochondria Calcium Flux by β-Sitosterol Promotes Cell Death in Ovarian Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Cell Incubation
2.3. Western Blot
2.4. Annexin V and PI Staining
2.5. JC-1 Staining
2.6. Measurement of ROS Production
2.7. Cytosolic Ca2+ Level Analysis
2.8. Mitochondrial Ca2+ Level Analysis
2.9. 3D Cell Culture Assay
2.10. Proliferation Assay
2.11. Migration Assay
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Activation of Cell Death Signals and Cell Apoptosis by β-Sitosterol in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells
3.2. Changes in Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP) and ROS Levels Caused by β-Sitosterol in Ovarian Cancer Cells
3.3. Excessive Overload of Cytosolic and Mitochondrial Calcium Levels in β-Sitosterol-Treated Ovarian Cancer Cells
3.4. Regulation of ER Stress and of the ER-Mitochondrial Axis by β-Sitosterol in the Two Cell Lines
3.5. Restriction of Cell Growth and Cell Cycle by β-Sitosterol in Ovarian Cancer Cells
3.6. Inactivated Intracellular Signals Caused by β-Sitosterol in Ovarian Cancer Cells
3.7. Suppression of Cell Migration and Enhancement of the Anti-Proliferation Effect of Existing Conventional Chemotherapeutic Agents by β-Sitosterol
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bae, H.; Park, S.; Ham, J.; Song, J.; Hong, T.; Choi, J.-H.; Song, G.; Lim, W. ER-Mitochondria Calcium Flux by β-Sitosterol Promotes Cell Death in Ovarian Cancer. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 1583. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101583
Bae H, Park S, Ham J, Song J, Hong T, Choi J-H, Song G, Lim W. ER-Mitochondria Calcium Flux by β-Sitosterol Promotes Cell Death in Ovarian Cancer. Antioxidants. 2021; 10(10):1583. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101583
Chicago/Turabian StyleBae, Hyocheol, Sunwoo Park, Jiyeon Ham, Jisoo Song, Taeyeon Hong, Jin-Hee Choi, Gwonhwa Song, and Whasun Lim. 2021. "ER-Mitochondria Calcium Flux by β-Sitosterol Promotes Cell Death in Ovarian Cancer" Antioxidants 10, no. 10: 1583. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10101583