On Variation in Mindfulness Training: A Multimodal Study of Brief Open Monitoring Meditation on Error Monitoring
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedural Overview
2.3. Audio Induction
2.4. Flanker Task
2.5. Trait Mindfulness
2.6. Manipulation Check
2.7. Psychophysiological Recording and Data Reduction
2.8. Data Analyses Overview
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Mindfulness and Manipulation Check
3.2. Behavioral Data
3.3. ERPs
3.4. Relationships between ERPs, Behavioral Performance, and Trait Mindfulness
4. Discussion
4.1. ERN Modulation
4.2. Pe Modulation
4.3. Trait Mindfulness and the ERN/Pe
4.4. Methodological Implications, Limitations, and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Control N = 103 | Meditation N = 103 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range | M | SD | Range | M | SD | |
FFMQ Overall | 2.23–4.49 | 3.21 | 0.43 | 2.21–4.23 | 3.19 | 0.43 |
FFMQ-O | 11–37 | 25.45 | 5.14 | 17–40 | 26.52 | 5.22 |
FFMQ-D | 9–36 | 26.21 | 5.39 | 12–38 | 26.14 | 5.68 |
FFMQ- AA | 14–39 | 27.56 | 5.72 | 12–39 | 26.49 | 5.74 |
FFMQ-NJ | 9–38 | 26 | 6.91 | 10–38 | 25.42 | 6.50 |
FFMQ-NR | 11–34 | 19.93 | 4.50 | 12–30 | 19.67 | 3.92 |
Audio Engagement | 1–7 | 4.23 | 1.41 | 1–7 | 4.17 | 1.60 |
Audio Interest | 1–7 | 4.54 | 1.62 | 1–7 | 3.55 | 1.67 |
Audio Emotion Reactivity | 2–7 | 4.76 | 0.99 | 1–7 | 4.49 | 1.07 |
Audio Arousal | 1–6 | 3.14 | 1.53 | 1–6 | 2.79 | 1.52 |
Audio Understanding | 1–7 | 5.43 | 1.36 | 1–7 | 5.43 | 1.60 |
Audio Learning | 1–7 | 4.68 | 1.36 | 1–6 | 3.51 | 1.42 |
Audio Sleepiness | 1–6 | 3.81 | 1.40 | 1–7 | 4.36 | 1.48 |
Variable | Meditation N = 103 | Control N = 103 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SD | M | Range | SD | M | Range | |
Accuracy | 0.08 | 0.83 | 0.52–0.96 | 0.1 | 0.82 | 0.51–0.96 |
Number of errors | 36.04 | 77.92 | 17.235 | 46.18 | 82.38 | 18–243 |
Incongruent errors | 23.07 | 54.37 | 11–134 | 35.58 | 58.15 | 13–240 |
Congruent errors | 18.48 | 23.55 | 0–105 | 19.94 | 24.23 | 1–107 |
Error RT (ms) | 42.21 | 327.57 | 264.87–498.57 | 53.53 | 334.73 | 253.55–520.65 |
Correct RT (ms) | 41.25 | 408.45 | 309.82–540.72 | 51.36 | 412.65 | 316.21–568.46 |
Incongruent error RT (ms) | 42.74 | 332.68 | 266.12–509 | 53.73 | 340.78 | 257.69–534.46 |
Incongruent correct RT (ms) | 45.38 | 438.87 | 322.27–601.92 | 54.95 | 441.3 | 332.88–598.06 |
Congruent error RT (ms) | 50.91 | 313.44 | 249.08–511.41 | 59.98 | 313.85 | 233.88–574.64 |
Congruent correct RT (ms) | 39.09 | 382.89 | 299.50–496.23 | 50.39 | 388.45 | 296.61–543.34 |
PES (ms) | 33.87 | 26.22 | −210.7 | 30.76 | 26.16 | −180.66 |
PEA (ms) | 0.13 | 0.84 | 0.23–1 | 0.15 | 0.82 | 0.24–1 |
CRN amplitude (µV) | 2.44 | −0.23 | −14.73 | 2.97 | 0.25 | −23.96 |
ERN amplitude (µV) | 3.51 | −5.34 | −19.04 | 3.67 | −4.98 | −21.32 |
Δ ERN (µV) | 3.53 | −5.11 | −18.22 | 3.74 | −5.23 | −17.1 |
Ce amplitude (µV) | 2.95 | −3.48 | −14.42 | 2.76 | −3.39 | −14.33 |
Pe amplitude (µV) | 4.11 | 4.63 | −25.37 | 4.1 | 3.38 | −23.6 |
Δ Pe (µV) | 4.19 | 8.1 | −28.91 | 4.7 | 6.77 | −25.47 |
Control | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. |
1. Δ ERN | -- | ||||||
2. Δ Pe | −0.19 | -- | |||||
3. Number of errors | 0.31 ** | −0.42 ** | -- | ||||
4. Error RT | 0.33 ** | −0.26 ** | 0.01 | -- | |||
5. Correct RT | 0.23 * | −0.08 | −0.41 ** | 0.71 ** | -- | ||
6. PES | 0.03 | 0.12 | −0.39 ** | 0.31 ** | 0.31 ** | -- | |
7. PEA | −0.36 ** | 0.41 ** | −0.86 ** | −0.19 | 0.23 * | 0.36 ** | -- |
Meditation | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. |
1. Δ ERN | -- | ||||||
2. Δ Pe | −0.20 * | -- | |||||
3. Number of errors | 0.26 ** | −0.37 ** | -- | ||||
4. Error RT | 0.30 ** | −0.29 ** | −0.01 | -- | |||
5. Correct RT | 0.31 ** | −0.10 | −0.32 ** | 0.77 ** | -- | ||
6. PES | −0.02 | 0.02 | −0.32 ** | 0.19 | 0.25 * | -- | |
7. PEA | −0.31 ** | 0.40 ** | −0.85 ** | −0.26 ** | 0.06 | 0.38 ** | -- |
Control | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. |
1. Δ ERN | -- | |||||||
2. Δ Pe | −0.19 | -- | ||||||
3. FFMQ Overall | −0.02 | 0.01 | -- | |||||
4. FFMQ-O | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.42 ** | -- | ||||
5. FFMQ-D | 0.02 | −0.11 | 0.75 ** | 0.27 ** | -- | |||
6. FFMQ-AA | −0.02 | −0.05 | 0.64 ** | −0.08 | 0.39 ** | -- | ||
7. FFMQ-NJ | −0.04 | 0.02 | 0.68 ** | −0.08 | 0.33 ** | 0.50 ** | -- | |
8. FFMQ-NR | −0.05 | 0.07 | 0.51 ** | 0.35 ** | 0.32 ** | 0.00 | 0.08 | -- |
Meditation | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. |
1. Δ ERN | -- | |||||||
2. Δ Pe | −0.20 * | -- | ||||||
3. FFMQ Overall | 0.05 | 0.05 | -- | |||||
4. FFMQ-O | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.46 ** | -- | ||||
5. FFMQ-D | 0.15 | −0.08 | 0.70 ** | 0.37 * | -- | |||
6. FFMQ-AA | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.74 ** | 0.04 | 0.27 ** | -- | ||
7. FFMQ-NJ | −0.10 | 0.03 | 0.63 ** | −0.22 * | 0.26 ** | 0.61 ** | -- | |
8. FFMQ-NR | −0.03 | 0.14 | 0.56 ** | 0.42 ** | 0.23 * | 0.26 ** | 0.07 | -- |
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Lin, Y.; Eckerle, W.D.; Peng, L.W.; Moser, J.S. On Variation in Mindfulness Training: A Multimodal Study of Brief Open Monitoring Meditation on Error Monitoring. Brain Sci. 2019, 9, 226. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9090226
Lin Y, Eckerle WD, Peng LW, Moser JS. On Variation in Mindfulness Training: A Multimodal Study of Brief Open Monitoring Meditation on Error Monitoring. Brain Sciences. 2019; 9(9):226. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9090226
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Yanli, William D. Eckerle, Ling W. Peng, and Jason S. Moser. 2019. "On Variation in Mindfulness Training: A Multimodal Study of Brief Open Monitoring Meditation on Error Monitoring" Brain Sciences 9, no. 9: 226. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9090226
APA StyleLin, Y., Eckerle, W. D., Peng, L. W., & Moser, J. S. (2019). On Variation in Mindfulness Training: A Multimodal Study of Brief Open Monitoring Meditation on Error Monitoring. Brain Sciences, 9(9), 226. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9090226