REM-Enriched Naps Are Associated with Memory Consolidation for Sad Stories and Enhance Mood-Related Reactivity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Material
2.3.1. Stories and Questionnaires
2.3.2. Skin Conductance Measurement
2.3.3. Polysomnography
2.4. Data Analysis
2.4.1. Actigraphic Data
2.4.2. Sleep Data
2.4.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Sleep and Vigilance
3.1.1. Nocturnal Sleep Prior to Experimental Sessions
Group | Story | Night 1 (RSN) | Night 2 (RSN) | Night 3 (SRN) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TST (agenda, in hours) | Short nap | Neutral story | 8.21 ± 1.2 | 8.08 ± 1 | 5.83 ± 1 * |
Sad story | 7.67 ± 1.7 | 7.75 ± 1.7 | 5.58 ± 1.2 * | ||
Long nap | Neutral story | 7.89 ± 1.1 | 7.25 ± 0.8 | 5 ± 0.9 * | |
Sad story | 7.5 ± 1.5 | 7.89 ± 1.7 | 5.78 ± 1 * | ||
TST (actimetry, in hours) | Short nap | Neutral story | 8.58 ± 0.8 | 8.47 ± 1.1 | 6.26 ± 0.7 * |
Sad story | 8.82 ± 2.9 | 8.69 ± 2 | 6.11 ± 1 * | ||
Long nap | Neutral story | 8.15 ± 2.1 | 7.87 ± 1 | 6.14 ± 2.3 * | |
Sad story | 8.31 ± 1.7 | 8.33 ± 1.4 | 6.47 ± 1.7 * |
3.1.2. Sleep during Long and Short Naps
Long Nap Condition (N = 12) | Short Nap Condition (N = 12) | Nap | Story | Interaction | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sad Story | Neutral Story | Sad Story | Neutral Story | p Value | p Value | p Value | |
W (min) | 24.41 (± 11.9) | 21.25 (± 15.2) | 30.29 (± 35.6) | 27.25 (± 24.7) | 0.496 | 0.498 | 0.989 |
N1 (min) | 11 (± 6.1) | 11.71 (± 5.9) | 5.5 (± 4) | 7.66 (± 4.3) | 0.008 | 0.290 | 0.588 |
N2 (min) | 48.96 (± 16.2) | 51.83 ± 14.5) | 29.25 (± 11.6) | 34.5 (± 9.2) | 0.001 | 0.156 | 0.672 |
N3 (min) | 11.58 (± 15) | 6.21 (± 8.4) | 7.92 (± 9.5) | 1.66 (± 2.7) | 0.225 | 0.022 | 0.855 |
REM (min) | 17.67 (± 9.3) | 21.33 (± 11.3) | 3.42 (± 7.2) | 0.87 (± 1.6) | 0.000 | 0.815 | 0.204 |
SPT (min) | 113.62 (± 12.6) | 112.33 (± 8) | 76.375 (± 30.9) | 71.96 (± 22.4) | 0.000 | 0.524 | 0.726 |
TST (min) | 89.21 (± 11) | 91.08 (± 11.9) | 46.08 (± 15.3) | 44.71 (± 10.2) | 0.000 | 0.935 | 0.578 |
SOL (min) | 13.5 (± 8.9) | 9.17 (± 5.1) | 9.42 (± 11.3) | 8 (± 6.4) | 0.404 | (0.052) | 0.308 |
WASO (min) | 10.92 (± 9.5) | 12.125 (± 10.74) | 20.87 (± 30.6) | 16.27 (± 17.7) | 0.365 | 0.922 | 0.726 |
Micro arousals | 3.41 (± 0.9) | 3.25 (± 0.7) | 2.17 (± 0.9) | 1.92 (± 0.7) | 0.175 | 0.719 | 0.942 |
SE (%) | 78.88 (± 9.6) | 81.54 (± 12.1) | 67.82 (± 26.2) | 66.56 (± 21) | (0.07) | 0.827 | 0.544 |
Total Nr of REMs | 139.25 (± 114.7) | 142.67 (± 74.4) | 30 (± 59.9) | 9.08 (± 14.6) | 0.000 | 0.684 | 0.572 |
REM sleep density | 6.83 (± 3.8) | 8.27 (± 6.2) | 2.56 (± 4.4) | 2.94 (± 3.9) | 0.005 | 0.433 | 0.645 |
Total Nr of Slow Spindles | 47.5 (± 21.6) | 59 (± 40.4) | 17.67 (± 15.9) | 20.92 (± 18.4) | 0.001 | 0.213 | 0.480 |
Total Nr of Fast Spindles | 77.83 (± 52.5) | 99.42 (± 68.8) | 38.58 (± 44.8) | 55.42 (± 68.4) | (0.061) | 0.125 | 0.845 |
Total Nr of Slow & Fast spindles | 125.33 (± 67.4) | 158.42 (± 100.2) | 57.08 (± 56.3) | 76.42 (± 81.4) | 0.012 | 0.125 | 0.679 |
Density of slow spindles | 1.09 (± 0.6) | 1.28 (± 1.3) | 0.58 (± 0.4) | 0.61 (± 0.5) | 0.019 | 0.633 | 0.735 |
Density of fast spindles | 1.82 (± 2.4) | 1.99 (± 1.6) | 1.32 (± 1.1) | 1.44 (± 1.3) | (0.096) | 0.194 | 0.431 |
Density of slow and fast spindles | 3.11 (± 2.9) | 3.27 (± 2.8) | 1.72 (± 1.2) | 2.06 (± 1.6) | (0.051) | 0.714 | 0.895 |
3.1.3. Sleepiness and Vigilance before and after the Nap (Table 3)
Group | Story | Before Nap | After Nap | |
---|---|---|---|---|
KSS mean scores | Short nap | Neutral story | 5.58 ± 2.2 | 2.75 ± 1.5 |
Sad story | 5.58 ± 2.1 | 3.33 ± 1.9 | ||
Long nap | Neutral story | 5.58 ± 1.7 | 3.33 ± 1.3 | |
Sad story | 5.66 ± 2.2 | 3.75 ± 1.5 | ||
PVT mean 1/reaction time | Short nap | Neutral story | 0.0030 ± 0.0003 | 0.0031 ± 0.0004 |
Sad story | 0.0029 ± 0.0003 | 0.0029 ± 0.0005 | ||
Long nap | Neutral story | 0.0031 ± 0.0005 | 0.0033 ± 0.0004 | |
Sad story | 0.0031 ± 0.0004 | 0.0032 ± 0.0004 | ||
PVT Coefficient of variation (%) | Short nap | Neutral story | 17.17 ± 4.4 | 15.11 ± 4.1 |
Sad story | 17.87 ± 3.7 | 18.40 ± 5.9 | ||
Long nap | Neutral story | 17.51 ± 6.3 | 15.77 ± 3.5 | |
Sad story | 18.95 ± 8.8 | 16.28 ± 4.1 |
3.2. Memory Performance and Relation with Sleep
3.3. Emotional Reactivity, Mood and Arousal Measures
Questionnaire | Nap | Story | SAM 1 | SAM 2 | SAM 3 | SAM 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-Assessment Manikin mean mood scores | Short nap | Neutral story | 0.83 ± 1 | 0.5 ± 1.7 | 2.08 ± 1.1 | 1.33 ± 1.3 |
Sad story | 1.4 ± 1 | 0.08 ± 1.9 | 0.42 ± 1.7 | 0.83 ± 1.6 | ||
Long nap | Neutral story | 1.16 ± 1.6 | 1.33 ± 1.7 | 2 ± 1.3 | 1.66 ± 1.6 | |
Sad story | 1.5 ± 0.9 | −0.58 ± 1.2 | 1.58 ± 0.8 | 0 ± 1.8 | ||
Self-Assessment Manikin mean arousal scores | Short nap | Neutral story | 1.66 ± 0.8 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 1.75 ± 0.8 | 1.66 ± 0.7 |
Sad story | 0.75 ± 1.2 | 1.58 ± 1 | 0.16 ± 1.3 | 0.25 ± 1.4 | ||
Long nap | Neutral story | 2.33 ± 1 | 1.91 ± 0.9 | 2.2 ± 1 | 2.1 ± 1 | |
Sad story | 0.83 ± 1.7 | 1.25 ± 1.2 | 0.16 ± 1.8 | 1 ± 1.5 |
3.4. Affective Rating for Neutral and Sad Stories before vs. after the Nap
4. Discussion
4.1. The Influence of Sleep on Memory Consolidation
4.2. Objective and Self-Reported Emotional Reactivity
4.3. Emotional Rating of Neutral and Sad Stories
4.4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gilson, M.; Deliens, G.; Leproult, R.; Bodart, A.; Nonclercq, A.; Ercek, R.; Peigneux, P. REM-Enriched Naps Are Associated with Memory Consolidation for Sad Stories and Enhance Mood-Related Reactivity. Brain Sci. 2016, 6, 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci6010001
Gilson M, Deliens G, Leproult R, Bodart A, Nonclercq A, Ercek R, Peigneux P. REM-Enriched Naps Are Associated with Memory Consolidation for Sad Stories and Enhance Mood-Related Reactivity. Brain Sciences. 2016; 6(1):1. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci6010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleGilson, Médhi, Gaétane Deliens, Rachel Leproult, Alice Bodart, Antoine Nonclercq, Rudy Ercek, and Philippe Peigneux. 2016. "REM-Enriched Naps Are Associated with Memory Consolidation for Sad Stories and Enhance Mood-Related Reactivity" Brain Sciences 6, no. 1: 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci6010001