Forced Exercise Enhances Functional Recovery after Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
by
Sookyoung Park 1,†, Jinhee Shin 1,†, Yunkyung Hong 2, Sunmi Kim 1, Seunghoon Lee 2, Kanghui Park 2, Tserentogtokh Lkhagvasuren 1, Sang-Rae Lee 3, Kyu-Tae Chang 3,* and Yonggeun Hong 1,2,3,*
Sookyoung Park 1,†, Jinhee Shin 1,†, Yunkyung Hong 2, Sunmi Kim 1, Seunghoon Lee 2, Kanghui Park 2, Tserentogtokh Lkhagvasuren 1, Sang-Rae Lee 3, Kyu-Tae Chang 3,* and Yonggeun Hong 1,2,3,*
1
Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disease Center, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea
2
Department of Rehabilitation Science in Interdisciplinary PhD Program, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea
3
National Primate Research Center (NPRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang 363-883, Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Brain Sci. 2012, 2(4), 483-503; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci2040483
Received: 6 August 2012 / Revised: 3 September 2012 / Accepted: 3 October 2012 / Published: 16 October 2012
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise and Brain Function)
Caveolin is the principal protein of caveolae and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia. To investigate whether changed expression of caveolins has a pivotal role in focal cerebral ischemia, we induced middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo)-reperfusion and examined expression of caveolins, inflammatory activation markers, and mediators of autophagic cell death. We also treated MCAo rats with forced exercise to determine its effects on neurological outcome. Particularly, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were used to compare the effects of hypertension on focal cerebral ischemia. All MCAo groups showed neurological deficiencies, motor dysfunction, and disruption of balancing ability; however, these pathological changes were more severe in SHR than WKY rats. Expression of caveolins was decreased in MCAo brain tissue, whereas the levels of iNOS and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) increased. Additionally, LC3-II and beclin-1 levels were elevated in the MCAo groups. Forced exercise attenuated both molecular and behavioral changes in MCAo animals, but SHR rats showed delayed functional recovery and residual molecular changes when compared to WKY rats. These results suggest that forced exercise may be beneficial for promoting functional recovery following cerebral ischemia through caveolin-dependent mechanisms or interactions between caveolins and these signaling molecules in ischemic brain regions.
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Keywords:
focal cerebral ischemia; middle cerebral artery occlusion; caveolins; autophagy; forced exercise; spontaneously hypertensive rat
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MDPI and ACS Style
Park, S.; Shin, J.; Hong, Y.; Kim, S.; Lee, S.; Park, K.; Lkhagvasuren, T.; Lee, S.-R.; Chang, K.-T.; Hong, Y. Forced Exercise Enhances Functional Recovery after Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Brain Sci. 2012, 2, 483-503.
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