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Brain Sciences
Volume 16
Issue 2
10.3390/brainsci16020168
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Applying Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) on People with Concurrent Visual Impairment and Dementia: A Preliminary Study

by
Hiu Tung Tsang
1,†,
Chun Lam Luk
1,†,
Yee Lam Lo
2,
Armstrong Tat San Chiu
3,
Ben Chi Bun Yip
4 and
Winsy Wing Sze Wong
2,*
1
Academic Unit of Human Communication, Learning, and Development, Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
2
Department of Language Science and Technology, Faculty of Humanities, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
3
The Hong Kong Society for the Blind, Hong Kong SAR, China
4
School of Health and Medical Sciences, Tung Wah College, Hong Kong SAR, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Brain Sci. 2026, 16(2), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16020168
Submission received: 6 January 2026 / Revised: 28 January 2026 / Accepted: 29 January 2026 / Published: 30 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Speech and Language Research for Cognitive Well-Being in Aging)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This pilot study explored the applicability and preliminary clinical outcomes of cognitive stimulation therapy (CST), an evidence-based cognitive intervention for people with mild and moderate dementia, in elderly individuals with concurrent dementia and visual impairment. Methods: Seven participants received 14 group CST sessions. Their cognitive and language functions were measured and compared pre-/post-therapy. Results: The treatment adherence was satisfactory. Significant improvements in various cognitive domains and language measures were observed after therapy. Conclusions: The findings suggest that CST can be applied to visually impaired individuals with dementia with seemingly positive outcomes in various cognitive domains. Further studies with a larger sample with an emphasis on multisensory stimulation to facilitate therapy delivery are warranted.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Tsang, H.T.; Luk, C.L.; Lo, Y.L.; Chiu, A.T.S.; Yip, B.C.B.; Wong, W.W.S. Applying Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) on People with Concurrent Visual Impairment and Dementia: A Preliminary Study. Brain Sci. 2026, 16, 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16020168

AMA Style

Tsang HT, Luk CL, Lo YL, Chiu ATS, Yip BCB, Wong WWS. Applying Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) on People with Concurrent Visual Impairment and Dementia: A Preliminary Study. Brain Sciences. 2026; 16(2):168. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16020168

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tsang, Hiu Tung, Chun Lam Luk, Yee Lam Lo, Armstrong Tat San Chiu, Ben Chi Bun Yip, and Winsy Wing Sze Wong. 2026. "Applying Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) on People with Concurrent Visual Impairment and Dementia: A Preliminary Study" Brain Sciences 16, no. 2: 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16020168

APA Style

Tsang, H. T., Luk, C. L., Lo, Y. L., Chiu, A. T. S., Yip, B. C. B., & Wong, W. W. S. (2026). Applying Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) on People with Concurrent Visual Impairment and Dementia: A Preliminary Study. Brain Sciences, 16(2), 168. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16020168

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