An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis of How Language Balance Impacts the Neural Basis of Bilingual Language Control
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Bilingual Language Control
1.2. Language Balance
1.3. The Present Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Literature Search and Exclusion Criteria
2.2. Coding of Study Characteristics
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Language Switching Costs in Balanced Bilinguals
3.2. Language Switching Costs in Unbalanced Bilinguals
3.3. Conjunction Analysis
3.4. Contrast Analyses
4. Discussion
4.1. Commonalities in Brain Regions Associated with Balanced and Unbalanced Bilinguals’ Language Switching
4.2. Differences in Brain Regions Associated with Balanced and Unbalanced Bilinguals’ Language Switching
4.3. Limitations and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Participants (Female) | Mean Age | L1 | L2 | Task | Contrast | AoA | L1/L2 Proficiency Ratio | Foci | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Balanced bilinguals (n = 6) | |||||||||
Garbin [33] | 19 (12) | 20.3 | Spanish | Catalan | Picture naming | Switch > non-switch | <4 | 1 | 35 |
Köpke [40] | 20 (8) | 28.7 | English/ French | English/ French | Picture naming | Switch > baseline | 0/11 | 1.05 | 27 |
Price [41] | 6 (0) | 30.5 | German | English | Reading task | Switch > non-switch | 8.8 | 0.93 | 3 |
Reverberi [42] | 21 (12) | 23.1 | German | English | Picture naming | Switch > non-switch | 9.1 | 1.15 | 8 |
Stasenko [21] | 24 (18) | 20 | Spanish | English | Reading task | Switch > non-switch | 4.1 | 0.94 | 5 |
Weissberger [36] | 20 (15) | 21 | Spanish | English | Digit naming | Switch > baseline | 5.1 | 0.93 | 10 |
Unbalanced bilinguals (n = 17) | |||||||||
Fu [43] | 21 (13) | 22 | Chinese | English | Picture naming | Switch > non-switch | 10 | 1.43 | 4 |
Geng [20] | 19 (10) | 23.21 | Chinese | English | Picture naming | Switch > non-switch | 8 | 1.71 | 18 |
Guo [18] | 24 (12) | 22.1 | Chinese | English | Picture naming | Switch > non-switch | 12 | 1.40 | 44 |
Hernandez [44] | 6 (4) | 21.7 | Spanish | English | Picture naming | Switch > non-switch | <5 | 0.65 | 3 |
Hernandez [45] | 12 (5) | 21.4 | Spanish | English | Picture naming | Switch > non-switch | 5 | 0.68 | 4 |
Lehtonen [46] | 11 (10) | 31.8 | Finnish | Norwegian | Translation task | Switch > non-switch | 26.7 | 1.26 | 2 |
Liu [47] | 39 (29) | 22.1 | Chinese | English | Picture naming | Switch > non-switch | 12.8 | 1.54 | 24 |
Ma [48] | 22 (5) | 22.6 | Chinese | English | Picture naming | Switch > baseline | 12 | - | 10 |
Wang [49] | 12 (6) | 19.5 | Chinese | English | Picture naming | Switch > non-switch | 12.67 | 1.54 | 15 |
Wang [50] | 15 (8) | 20.5 | Chinese | English | Digit naming | Switch > non-switch | 12.06 | 1.41 | 24 |
Wang [51] | 69 (35) | 22.8 | Chinese | English | Picture naming | Switch > non-switch | 6 | 1.57 | 5 |
Wu [52] | 59 (35) | 22.3 | Chinese | English | Picture naming | Switch > non-switch | 9.33 | 1.51 | 10 |
Yuan [53] | 32 (21) | 22.3 | Chinese | English | Picture naming | Switch > non-switch | 9.78 | 1.41 | 8 |
Zhang [54] | 21 (9) | 24.38 | Chinese | English | Speech production task | Switch > non-switch | 12.4 | 1.37 | 20 |
Zhang [55] | 16 (9) | 21.3 | Chinese | English | Digit naming | Switch > non-switch | 11.9 | 1.08 | 15 |
Zhang [37] | 22 (12) | 19.9 | Chinese | English | Picture naming | Switch > non-switch | 11.6 | 1.29 | 34 |
Zhang [22] | 25 (14) | 20.2 | Chinese | English | Picture naming | Switch > non-switch | 10.1 | 1.41 | 17 |
Cluster | Region | L/R | MNI Coordinates | Volume (mm3) | Peak ALE Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
x | y | z | |||||
Language Switching Costs of Balanced Bilinguals | |||||||
1 | Mid Frontal Gyrus (BA 9) | R | 38 | 28 | 28 | 24,661 | 0.0015 |
2 | Precentral Gyrus (BA 6) | L | −50 | −6 | 38 | 22,101 | 0.0020 |
3 | Cuneus (BA 17) | R | 20 | −96 | 10 | 21,897 | 0.0016 |
4 | Med Frontal Gyrus (BA 6) | L | 0 | 4 | 60 | 19,957 | 0.0016 |
5 | Fusiform Gyrus (BA 19) | L | −46 | −70 | −6 | 11,855 | 0.0014 |
Language Switching Costs of Unbalanced Bilinguals | |||||||
1 | Sup Frontal Gyrus (BA 6) | L | −4 | 4 | 66 | 128,841 | 0.0055 |
2 | Inf Parietal Lobe (BA 40) | L | −38 | −50 | 48 | 40,499 | 0.0041 |
Cluster | Region | L/R | MNI Coordinates | Volume (mm3) | Peak ALE Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
x | y | z | |||||
1 | Precentral Gyrus (BA 6) | L | −50 | −6 | 38 | 16,837 | 0.0020 |
2 | Med Frontal Gyrus (BA 6) | L | 0 | 4 | 60 | 15,807 | 0.0016 |
Cluster | Region | L/R | MNI Coordinates | Volume (mm3) | Z | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
x | y | z | |||||
1 | Mid Frontal Gyrus (BA 9) | L | −40 | 51 | 24 | 8016 | 2.3495 |
2 | Mid Frontal Gyrus (BA 6) | L | −24 | −10 | 46 | 2527 | 2.7065 |
3 | Inf Frontal Gyrus (BA 45) | L | −52 | 28 | −3 | 787 | 2.3263 |
4 | Mid Frontal Gyrus (BA 10) | L | −37.5 | 47 | 4.7 | 577 | 2.3416 |
5 | Precuneus Gyrus (BA 7) | L | −27 | −67 | 43 | 333 | 2.3656 |
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Wang, T.; Yin, K.; Zhou, Q.; Hu, H.; Chen, S.; Wang, M. An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis of How Language Balance Impacts the Neural Basis of Bilingual Language Control. Brain Sci. 2025, 15, 803. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15080803
Wang T, Yin K, Zhou Q, Hu H, Chen S, Wang M. An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis of How Language Balance Impacts the Neural Basis of Bilingual Language Control. Brain Sciences. 2025; 15(8):803. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15080803
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Tao, Keyi Yin, Qi Zhou, Haibo Hu, Shengdong Chen, and Man Wang. 2025. "An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis of How Language Balance Impacts the Neural Basis of Bilingual Language Control" Brain Sciences 15, no. 8: 803. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15080803
APA StyleWang, T., Yin, K., Zhou, Q., Hu, H., Chen, S., & Wang, M. (2025). An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis of How Language Balance Impacts the Neural Basis of Bilingual Language Control. Brain Sciences, 15(8), 803. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15080803