Simple and Complex Phonic Tics in Tourette Syndrome
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Patients and Methods
Statistics
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Simple | Complex |
---|---|
Belching Clicking Coughing Gasping Grunting Gurgling Guttural sounds Hiccupping Hissing Honking Moaning Noisy breathing Puffing Screaming Sniffing Snorting Squeaking Squealing Sucking Throat clearing ‘tsk’, ‘pft’, etc. Yelping | Saying: Syllables Partial words Partial echolalia Partial palilalia Partial coprolalia Full words * Full sentences * Echolalia * Palilalia * Coprolalia * |
Simple Phonic tics, n = 114 | Complex Phonic Tics, n = 35 | Verbalizations †, n = 26 | p-Value (Simple vs. Complex Phonic Tics) | p-Value (Simple vs. Verbalizations) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex (Male) | 88 (77.2%) | 29 (82.9%) | 21 (80.8%) | 0.632 | 0.893 |
Age at onset (years) (SD) | 8.34 ± 8.45 | 9.25 ± 9.05 | 10.20 ± 10.09 | 0.620 | 0.372 |
Age at examination (years) (SD) | 20.18 ± 13.65 | 17.74 ± 10.38 | 17.92 ± 11.14 | 0.264 | 0.377 |
Head/facial tics | 99 (86.4%) | 32 (91.4%) | 23 (88.5%) | 0.666 | 1.000 |
Head jerks | 69 (60.5%) | 25 (71.4%) | 19 (73.1%) | 0.333 | 0.332 |
Arm tics | 41 (36%) | 20 (57.1%) | 15 (57.7%) | 0.026 | 0.069 |
Shoulder tics | 50 (43.9%) | 18 (51.4%) | 15 (57.7%) | 0.351 | 0.214 |
Trunk tics * | 32 (28.1%) | 20 (57.1%) | 18 (69.2%) | 0.002 | <0.001 |
Leg tics | 30 (26.3%) | 13 (37.1%) | 12 (46.2%) | 0.216 | 0.079 |
Complex motor tics * | 49 (42%) | 29 (82.9%) | 21 (80.7%) | <0.001 | 0.001 |
Copropraxia * | 3 (2.6%) | 7 (20%) | 5 (19.2%) | 0.002 | 0.006 |
Dystonic tics | 26 (22.8%) | 9 (26.7%) | 9 (34.6%) | 0.899 | 0.210 |
ADHD | 46 (40.4%) | 20 (57.1%) | 13 (50%) | 0.120 | 0.497 |
OCD | 61 (53.5%) | 23 (65.7%) | 17 (65.4%) | 0.244 | 0.310 |
Number of phonic tics * (mean, SD) | 2.19 ± 1.47 | 4.63 ± 0.97 | 4.65 ± 0.85 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Tic severity score * (mean, SD) | 3.25 ± 1.05 | 3.94 ± 1.11 | 3.92 ± 1.13 | 0.001 | 0.004 |
B Coefficient | Wald | OR (ExpB) | 95% C.I. ExpB | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Complex phonic tics (M1) | |||||
Copropraxia | 0.834 | 0.808 | 2.303 | 0.373–14.198 | 0.369 |
Tic severity | 0.275 | 1.251 | 1.317 | 0.813–2.132 | 0.263 |
Arm tics | −0.701 | 1.260 | 0.496 | 0.146–1.687 | 0.262 |
Complex tics | 0.798 | 1.725 | 2.220 | 0.675–7.299 | 0.189 |
Number of phonic tics * | 1.134 | 29.92 | 3.107 | 2.070–4.664 | <0.001 |
Trunk tics | 0.911 | 3.13 | 2.488 | 0.906–6.834 | 0.077 |
Verbalizations (M2) | |||||
Tic severity | 0.015 | 0.003 | 1.015 | 0.603–1.708 | 0.955 |
Complex tics | 0.296 | 0.181 | 1.345 | 0.344–5.262 | 0.670 |
Copropraxia | 0.970 | 0.848 | 2.638 | 0.335–20.807 | 0.357 |
Number of phonic tics * | 1.166 | 22.22 | 3.209 | 1.976–5.210 | <0.001 |
Trunk tics * | 1.449 | 6.16 | 4.259 | 1.356–13.375 | 0.013 |
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Baizabal-Carvallo, J.F.; Jankovic, J. Simple and Complex Phonic Tics in Tourette Syndrome. Brain Sci. 2025, 15, 620. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15060620
Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Jankovic J. Simple and Complex Phonic Tics in Tourette Syndrome. Brain Sciences. 2025; 15(6):620. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15060620
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaizabal-Carvallo, José Fidel, and Joseph Jankovic. 2025. "Simple and Complex Phonic Tics in Tourette Syndrome" Brain Sciences 15, no. 6: 620. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15060620
APA StyleBaizabal-Carvallo, J. F., & Jankovic, J. (2025). Simple and Complex Phonic Tics in Tourette Syndrome. Brain Sciences, 15(6), 620. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15060620