Genome-Wide Association Study of Exercise Addiction Among Elite Wrestlers
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Approval
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measurements
2.3.1. Exercise Addiction Scale (EAS)
2.3.2. Genotyping
Genotype Quality Control
- Non-autosomal chromosomes were discarded.
- Variants with gross genotyping errors or those highly deviating from Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium (p < 1.0 × 10−13) were pruned.
- The minor allele frequency (MAF) threshold was set at 0.01.
- The genotype call rate threshold was set at a minimum of 0.90.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Exercise Addiction Scale
3.2. Genome-Wide Association Study
3.3. Candidate Gene Association Study
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Addiction Profile | Total N | Freestyle N | Freestyle Mean Score | Greko-Roman N | Greko-Roman Mean Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Low-risk | 1 | 1 | 34 | 0 | 0 |
Moderate-risk | 9 | 4 | 44.75 | 5 | 46.6 |
Addicted | 43 | 18 | 59.42 | 25 | 60.64 |
Highly addicted | 14 | 11 | 72.33 | 3 | 71.33 |
Greko-Roman Addiction Level Comparison | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Genetic Variants | Low-Addiction Risk AF | High-Addiction Risk AF | p-Value | OR |
PRDM10 rs74345126 | A allele: 60% G allele: 40% | A allele: 0% G allele: 100% | 2.3 × 10−6 | 0.000 |
Near PTPRU rs72652685 | C allele: 80% A allele: 20% | C allele: 9% A allele: 91% | 8.6 × 10−6 | 0.025 |
Freestyle Addiction Level Comparison | ||||
Near EPHA4 rs830747 | G allele: 90% A allele: 10% | G allele: 15% A allele: 85% | 8.5 × 10−6 | 0.02 |
Genetic Variants | Low-Addiction Risk AF | High-Addiction Risk AF | p-Value | OR |
---|---|---|---|---|
HADHB rs6745226 | C allele: 55% A allele: 45% | C allele: 7.9% A allele: 92.1% | 3.6 × 10−6 | 0.070 |
XIRP2 rs17614860 | G allele: 30% A allele: 70% | G allele: 0% A allele: 100% | 5.4 × 10−6 | 0.000 |
Near GAREM2 rs1025542 | A allele: 65% G allele: 35% | A allele: 15% G allele: 85% | 8.6 × 10−6 | 0.094 |
Risk Allele for Both Traits | Trait from the Literature | p-Value for the Trait | Reference | Athletic Cohort | p-Value for the Exercise Addiction |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DEFB135 rs4841662 G | Neuroticism | 1.6 × 10−21 | [39] | Freestyle wrestlers | 0.035 * |
BCL11A rs7599488 A | Cigarettes per day | 9.0 × 10−9 | [40] | Freestyle wrestlers | 0.039 * |
Greko-Roman wrestlers | 0.015 * | ||||
All wrestlers | 0.001 * | ||||
CSRNP3 rs1551336 C | Obsessive–compulsive disorder | 2.2 × 10−8 | [41] | Greko-Roman wrestlers | 0.015 * |
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Bulgay, C.; Kasakolu, A.; Bıyıklı, T.; Koncagul, S.; Kazan, H.H.; Ahmetov, I.I.; Ergun, M.A.; Griffiths, M.D.; Szabo, A. Genome-Wide Association Study of Exercise Addiction Among Elite Wrestlers. Brain Sci. 2025, 15, 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020102
Bulgay C, Kasakolu A, Bıyıklı T, Koncagul S, Kazan HH, Ahmetov II, Ergun MA, Griffiths MD, Szabo A. Genome-Wide Association Study of Exercise Addiction Among Elite Wrestlers. Brain Sciences. 2025; 15(2):102. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020102
Chicago/Turabian StyleBulgay, Celal, Anıl Kasakolu, Türker Bıyıklı, Seyrani Koncagul, Hasan H. Kazan, Ildus I. Ahmetov, Mehmet A. Ergun, Mark D. Griffiths, and Attila Szabo. 2025. "Genome-Wide Association Study of Exercise Addiction Among Elite Wrestlers" Brain Sciences 15, no. 2: 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020102
APA StyleBulgay, C., Kasakolu, A., Bıyıklı, T., Koncagul, S., Kazan, H. H., Ahmetov, I. I., Ergun, M. A., Griffiths, M. D., & Szabo, A. (2025). Genome-Wide Association Study of Exercise Addiction Among Elite Wrestlers. Brain Sciences, 15(2), 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15020102