Effects of Mental Imagery on Quality of Life, Cognitive, and Emotional Status in Older Adults with Early-Stage Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia: A Randomized Controlled Trial †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Sample
2.3. Outcomes
2.3.1. Cognitive Ability
2.3.2. Depression
2.3.3. Anxiety
2.3.4. Quality of Life
2.4. Intervention Description
- (a)
- MI program
- (b)
- Physiotherapy exercise program
- (a)
- Warm-up: Exercises designed to enhance circulation, including joint mobilization and muscle stretching.
- (b)
- Strength and Endurance Exercises: Exercises focused on muscular strength and endurance, performed with or without weights, emphasizing slow and controlled movements within each participant’s range of motion.
- (c)
- Balance Training: Dynamic and static balance exercises aimed at improving posture, supporting daily activities, and building confidence to reduce the risk of falls.
- (d)
- Cool-Down: Stretching exercises aimed at improving flexibility, promoting relaxation, and alleviating fatigue, helping to revitalize the body after each session. The program included exercises like gentle marching, neck movements, back extensions, ankle rotations, front and back knee strengthening, lateral hip strengthening, calf raises, toe raises, heel-to-toe walking, single-leg stances, sideway walking, sit-to-stand transitions, as well as stretches for the back of the thighs and calves [20].
2.5. Statistical Analysis
- (a)
- Walking While Talking (WWT) mistakes;
- (b)
- Walking While Talking (WWT) time;
- (c)
- EuroQoL scores;
- (d)
- EuroQoL scores for the day of measurement;
- (e)
- Depression scores;
- (f)
- Anxiety scores.
3. Results
- (a)
- Walking While Talking mistakes (X2 = 14.95 df = 2, p = 0.001),
- (b)
- Walking While Talking time (X2 = 13.35 df = 2, p = 0.01),
- (c)
- EuroQuol total (X2 = 11.87.62, df = 2, p = 0.003),
- (d)
- EuroQuol on the day of the measurement (X2 = 25.59, df = 2, p = 0.00),
- (e)
- Depression (X2 = 6.54, df = 2, p = 0.038),
- (f)
- Anxiety (X2 = 39.90, df = 2, p = 0.00) (Table 2).
- (a)
- Walking While Talkingmistakes: Significant differences were observed between the experimental group and the 2nd group (Z = −5.700, p = 0.001), and between the experimental group and the 3rd group (Z = −3.359, p = 0.001).
- (b)
- Walking While Talkingtime: Significant differences were observed between the experimental group and the 2nd group (Z = −3.145, p = 0.002) and between the experimental group and the 3rd group (Z = −4.096, p = 0.001).
- (c)
- EuroQol total index: Significant differences were observed between the experimental group and the 3rd group (Z = −2.354, p = 0.02).
- (d)
- EuroQol on the day’s measurement: Significant differences were observed between the experimental group and the 2nd group (Z = −2.097, p = 0.036) and between the experimental group and the 3rd group (Z = −4.504, p = 0.001).
- (e)
- Depression: Significant differences were observed between the experimental group and the 2nd group (Z = −2.019, p = 0.043).
- (f)
- Anxiety index: Significant differences were observed between the experimental group and the 2nd group (Z = −4.089, p = 0.001) and between the experimental group and the 3rd group (Z = −3.993, p = 0.001).
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Experimental Group (n = 55) | 1st Control Group (n = 52) | 2nd Control Group (n = 53) | One Way ANOVA F/X2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years M (SD) | 79.23 (6.58) | 78.46 (7.25) | 76.07 (7.50) | F(2, 2.87), p = 0.06 |
MMSE | 23.45 (2.00) | 22.73 (2.04) | 23.41 (1.59) | F(2, 2.42), p = 0.09 |
Education | χ2(2, N = 160) = 1.27, p = 0.28 | |||
University, n (%) | 32 (58.2) | 23 (44.2) | 24 (45.3) | |
High School, n (%) | 14 (25.5) | 16 (30.8) | 18 (34) | |
Family status | χ2(2, N = 160) = 0.19, p = 0.82 | |||
Married n (%) | 35 (63.5) | 33 (63.5) | 33 (62.3) | |
Widow n (%) | 17 (30.9) | 13 (25) | 17 (32.1) | |
Divorced | 1 (1.8) | 1 (1.8) | 2 (3.8) | |
Live together | χ2(2, N = 160) = 0.14, p = 0.86 | |||
Husband/Wife | 34 (61.8) | 35 (67.3) | 33 (62.3) | |
Child | 11 (20) | 8 (15.4) | 6 (11.3) | |
Take care | - | 3 (5.8) | 1 | |
Alone | 10 (18.2) | 6 (11.5) | 10 (18.9) | |
Have children | χ2(2, N = 160) = 2.87, p = 0.06 | |||
Yes | 53 (96.4) | 52 (100) | 44 (83) | |
No | 2 (3.6) | - | 9 (17) | |
Number of children | F(2, 2.67), p = 0.07 | |||
1 child | 14 (25.5) | 13 (25) | 23.9 (43.4) | |
2 children | 33 (60) | 32 (61.5) | 19 (35.8) | |
Profession | χ2(2, N = 160) = 2.37, p = 0.09 | |||
Civil servant | 10 (18.2) | 5 (9.6) | 6 (11.3) | |
Teacher | 7 (12.7) | 7 (13.5) | 9 (17) | |
Housework | 6 (10.9) | 5 (9.6) | 7 (13.2) | |
Private servant | 5 (9.1) | 16 (30.8) | 6 (11.3) | |
Chief engineering in military navy | 3 (5.5) | 1 (1.9) | 1 (1.9) | |
Salesman | 1(1.8) | - | - | |
Falls | F(2, 0.99), p = 0.37 | |||
No falls | 32 (58.2) | 33 (65.5) | 33 (62.3) | |
1 fall | 14 (25.5) | 10 (19.2) | 16 (30.2) | |
2 falls | 8 (14.5) | 9 (17.3) | 4 (7.5) |
Variables | 1st Measurement (M,SD) | 2nd Measurement (M,SD) | 3rd Measurement (M,SD) | X2 | df, p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Walking While Talkingmistakes | 5.65 ± 5.74 | 4.02 ± 4.44 | 4.42 ± 4.78 | 14.95 | 2, 0.00 |
Walking While Talkingtime | 23.20 ± 5.44 | 21.84 ± 5.43 | 21.02 ± 6.16 | 13.36 | 2, 0.00 |
EuroQuol total | 6.12 ± 1.65 | 6.06 ± 1.49 | 5.80 ± 1.30 | 11.87 | 2, 0.00 |
EuroQuol on the day’s measurement | 80.79 ± 8.61 | 82.06 ± 8.70 | 85.09 ± 9.67 | 25.59 | 2, 0.00 |
Depression | 2.08 ± 2.20 | 1.92 ± 1.91 | 2.13 ± 2.24 | 6.54 | 2, 0.04 |
Anxiety | 13.86 ± 4.67 | 12.96 ± 3.90 | 12.56 ± 4.32 | 39.90 | 2, 0.00 |
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Christakou, A.; Bouzineki, C.; Pavlou, M.; Stranjalis, G.; Sakellari, V. Effects of Mental Imagery on Quality of Life, Cognitive, and Emotional Status in Older Adults with Early-Stage Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Brain Sci. 2024, 14, 1260. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121260
Christakou A, Bouzineki C, Pavlou M, Stranjalis G, Sakellari V. Effects of Mental Imagery on Quality of Life, Cognitive, and Emotional Status in Older Adults with Early-Stage Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Brain Sciences. 2024; 14(12):1260. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121260
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristakou, Anna, Christina Bouzineki, Marousa Pavlou, George Stranjalis, and Vasiliki Sakellari. 2024. "Effects of Mental Imagery on Quality of Life, Cognitive, and Emotional Status in Older Adults with Early-Stage Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia: A Randomized Controlled Trial" Brain Sciences 14, no. 12: 1260. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121260
APA StyleChristakou, A., Bouzineki, C., Pavlou, M., Stranjalis, G., & Sakellari, V. (2024). Effects of Mental Imagery on Quality of Life, Cognitive, and Emotional Status in Older Adults with Early-Stage Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Brain Sciences, 14(12), 1260. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14121260