The Surplus Effect in Adaptive Behaviour in Down Syndrome: What Can Promote It?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Outcome Assessment
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ Characteristics
3.2. Primary Endpoint
3.3. Secondary Endpoints
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean Age * | Standard Deviation | Minimum | Maximum | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adaptive Skills | ||||
Communication | 7.0 | 3.4 | 1.0 | 13.0 |
Daily Living Skills | 7.3 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 13.0 |
Socialisation | 7.3 | 4.3 | 1.7 | 16.9 |
Total score | 7.1 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 13.9 |
Mental age | 5.2 | 1.8 | 3.0 | 10.0 |
Inclusive Schooling Yes (n = 46) | Inclusive Schooling No (n = 8) | Sig. | |
---|---|---|---|
Age, in years * | 26.2 ± 6.3 | 43 ± 7.3 | <0.001 |
Female ** | 17 (37%) | 5 (63%) | 0.248 |
Mental age, in years * | 5.5 ± 1.8 | 3.6 ± 0.8 | 0.020 |
Total school years *, *** | 11.4 ± 2.3 | 1.5 ± 3 | <0.001 |
Years of inclusive school * | 10.3 ± 3.4 | 0 ± 0.0 | <0.001 |
Mother’s years of schooling * | 8.8 ± 4.7 | 2.6 ± 3.8 | 0.001 |
Father’s years of schooling * | 8.8 ± 4.6 | 2.9 ± 2.5 | 0.001 |
Duration of speech therapy * | 5.4 ± 4.2 | 0.3 ± 0.7 | 0.001 |
Duration of psychomotor therapy * | 3.8 ± 4.2 | 0.5 ± 1.4 | 0.034 |
Duration of pedagogic therapy * | 2.4 ± 4.4 | 0.6 ± 1.8 | 0.262 |
Current day time activity outside of home, days/week * | 4.4 ± 1.5 | 4.4 ± 1.8 | 0.919 |
Living in a city > 100.000 dwellers ** | 19 (41%) | 2 (25%) | 0.383 |
Living in a city < 100.000 dwellers ** | 27 (59%) | 6 (75%) | 0.383 |
Number of Individuals with SURPLUS *, n (%) | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value | Odds Ratio MODEL 1 (gender) | 95% CI | p-Value | Odds Ratio MODEL 3 (Gender & Maternal Education) | 95% CI | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adaptive Behaviour | Inclusive schooling Yes (n = 46)/ No (n = 8) | |||||||||
Total Score | 32 (70%)/3 (28%) | 3.8 | 0.8–18 | 0.090 | 16.4 | 1.3–206 | 0.030 | 14.9 | 1.1–194 | 0.039 |
Main Domains | ||||||||||
Communication | 27 (59%)/3 (38%) | 2.4 | 0.5–11 | 0.443 | 4.1 | 0.5–35.5 | 0.203 | 3.6 | 0.4–32.9 | 0.256 |
Daily Living Skills | 33 (72%)/5 (63%) | 1.5 | 0.3–7 | 0.682 | 3.9 | 0.4–40.8 | 0.255 | 3.9 | 0.4–41.9 | 0.682 |
Socialisation | 31 (68%)/2 (25%) | 6.2 | 1.1–34 | 0.045 | 8.9 | 0.8–100 | 0.077 | 7.7 | 0.6–91.6 | 0.106 |
Subdomains | ||||||||||
Reception | 40 (87%)/6 (75%) | 2.2 | 0.3–13 | 0.588 | 0.9 | 0.1–12.2 | 0.908 | 0.8 | 0.06–11.6 | 0.873 |
Expression | 26 (57%)/3 (38%) | 2.2 | 0.9–10 | 0.449 | 1.7 | 0.2–13.9 | 0.629 | 1.1 | 0.1–11.2 | 0.449 |
Written | 27 (59%)/1 (13%) | 9.9 | 1.1–87 | 0.022 | 9.1 | 0.6–129 | 0.102 | 7.4 | 0.5–114 | 0.150 |
Personal Skills | 26 (57%)/4 (50%) | 1.3 | 0.3–6 | 1.000 | 1.8 | 0.2–14.5 | 0.596 | 1.6 | 0.2–13.6 | 0.656 |
Domestic Skills | 35 (76%)/7 (88%) | 0.5 | 0.5–4 | 0.667 | 0.5 | 0.03–7.4 | 0.583 | 0.4 | 0.02–6.6 | 0.520 |
Community | 29 (63%)/1 (13%) | 11.9 | 1.3–105 | 0.016 | 28.4 | 1.6–506 | 0.023 | 27.7 | 1.5–500 | 0.016 |
Interpersonal Relations | 26 (57%)/4 (50%) | 3.9 | 0.7–21 | 0.135 | 3.3 | 0.3–30.8 | 0.328 | 2.7 | 0.3–27.5 | 0.401 |
Play | 31 (67%)/3 (38%) | 3.4 | 0.7–16 | 0.130 | 14.4 | 1.2–172 | 0.036 | 12.9 | 1.0–169 | 0.050 |
Coping skills | 29 (63%)/4 (50%) | 1.7 | 0.4–7 | 0.697 | 1.3 | 0.2–10.4 | 0.823 | 0.9 | 0.1–8.4 | 0.943 |
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Dressler, A.; Perelli, V.; Bozza, M.; Bargagna, S.; Benninger, F.; Kosheleva, A.; Schernhammer, E. The Surplus Effect in Adaptive Behaviour in Down Syndrome: What Can Promote It? Brain Sci. 2021, 11, 1188. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11091188
Dressler A, Perelli V, Bozza M, Bargagna S, Benninger F, Kosheleva A, Schernhammer E. The Surplus Effect in Adaptive Behaviour in Down Syndrome: What Can Promote It? Brain Sciences. 2021; 11(9):1188. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11091188
Chicago/Turabian StyleDressler, Anastasia, Valetina Perelli, Margherita Bozza, Stefania Bargagna, Franz Benninger, Anna Kosheleva, and Eva Schernhammer. 2021. "The Surplus Effect in Adaptive Behaviour in Down Syndrome: What Can Promote It?" Brain Sciences 11, no. 9: 1188. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11091188
APA StyleDressler, A., Perelli, V., Bozza, M., Bargagna, S., Benninger, F., Kosheleva, A., & Schernhammer, E. (2021). The Surplus Effect in Adaptive Behaviour in Down Syndrome: What Can Promote It? Brain Sciences, 11(9), 1188. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11091188