Relationships between Freezing of Gait Severity and Cognitive Deficits in Parkinson’s Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants and Identification of PDFOG+
2.2. Clinical, Motor, and Cognitive Assessments
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Differences in Demographic and Clinical Assessments
3.2. Differences in Cognitive Measurements
3.3. Relationship between FOG Severity and Cognitive Measurements
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Measure | Control (n = 41) | PD (n = 80) | PDFOG− (n = 39) | PDFOG+ (n = 41) | Control vs. PD | PDFOG– vs. PDFOG+ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent t-Test | Independent t-Test | |||||
Gender (M/F) $ | 23/18 | 56/24 | 26/13 | 30/11 | 0.12 | 0.52 |
Age (years) | 71.3 ± 7.6 | 68.7 ± 8.0 | 68.4 ± 7.7 | 68.9 ± 8.3 | 1.77 (0.079) | −0.26 (0.795) |
Education (years) | 16.6 ± 2.2 | 15.8 ± 3.2 | 15.6 ± 3.4 | 16.0 ± 3.1 | 1.35 (0.179) | −0.49 (0.623) |
BAI | 1.8 ± 2.1 | 14.7 ± 11.0 | 9.5 ± 7.4 | 19.8 ± 11.6 | −7.46 (<0.001) *** | −4.7 (<0.001) *** |
GDS | 0.7 ± 1.1 | 3.7 ± 3.2 | 2.7 ± 2.4 | 4.6 ± 3.6 | −5.64 (<0.001) *** | −2.73 (0.008) ** |
Total FOG | - | 6.5 ± 5.7 | 1.6 ± 1.3 | 11.2 ± 4.1 | - | −13.71 (<0.001) *** |
DD (years) | - | 5.15 ± 4.0 | 4.3 ± 3.2 | 5.9 ± 4.4 | - | −1.83 (0.072) |
LEDD (mg) | - | 860.5 ± 450.3 | 710.6 ± 392.9 | 1003.0 ± 459.3 | - | −3.05 (0.003) ** |
mUPDRS | - | 13.4 ± 7.2 | 9.4 ± 5.6 | 17.2 ± 6.6 | - | −5.71 (<0.001) *** |
H and Y | - | 2.07 ± 0.9 | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 2.5 ± 0.8 | - | −4.89 (<0.001) *** |
PDSS | - | 17.5 ± 10.0 | 13.1 ± 7.7 | 21.7 ± 10.3 | - | −4.26 (<0.001) *** |
Control (n = 41) | PD (n = 80) | PDFOG− (n = 39) | PDFOG+ (n = 41) | Control vs. PD | PDFOG− vs. PDFOG+ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Independent t-Test | a ANCOVA | Independent t-Test | a ANCOVA | b ANCOVA | ||||
Cognitive function: MoCA | ||||||||
26.6 ± 1.8 | 24.3 ± 3.6 | 25.1 ± 3 | 23.5 ± 4 | 3.9 (<0.001) *** | 14.53 (<0.001) *** | 2.05 (0.044) * | 4.55 (0.034) * | 4.7 (0.034) * |
Episodic memory: PSM | ||||||||
55.5 ± 9.9 | 46.4 ± 11.7 | 48 ± 11.8 | 44.8 ± 11.6 | 4.11 (<0.001) *** | 23.74 (<0.001) *** | 1.2 (0.234) | 0.049 (0.487) | 0.43 (0.515) |
Executive function/Attention: DCCS | ||||||||
58.2 ± 13.2 | 50.1 ± 12.3 | 54.1 ± 12.2 | 46.1 ± 11.1 | 3.26 (0.001) ** | 12.66 (0.001) *** | 2.94 (0.004) ** | 7.78 (0.007) ** | 7.44 (0.008) ** |
Executive function/Attention: FICA | ||||||||
51.1 ± 9.8 | 40.3 ± 9.8 | 42.2 ± 9.1 | 38.4 ± 10.1 | 5.55 (<0.001) *** | 30.74 (<0.001) *** | 1.74 (0.087) | 1.64 (0.205) | 1.07 (0.304) |
Language: PV | ||||||||
56.9 ± 7.9 | 52.3 ± 6.9 | 53.5 ± 6.5 | 51.2 ± 7.2 | 3.16 (0.002) ** | 7.76 (0.006) ** | 1.45 (0.151) | 1.21 (0.276) | 1.28 (0.262) |
Processing speed: PCPS | ||||||||
53 ± 13 | 35.9 ± 13.3 | 38.1 ± 13.5 | 33.7 ± 12.9 | 6.49 (<0.001) *** | 44.87 (<0.001) *** | 1.44 (0.155) | 1.46 (0.232) | 1.53 (0.22) |
Temporal processing/Working memory: RTCV | ||||||||
0.15 ± 0.07 | 0.23 ± 0.14 | 0.20 ± 0.12 | 0.27 ± 0.16 | −3.31 (0.001) ** | 14.34 (<0.001) *** | 2.2 (0.031) * | 2.98 (0.089) | 2.36 (0.129) |
Variable | Spearman Correlation | Spearman Partial Correlation | |
---|---|---|---|
a Age, Gender, Education | b Age, Gender, Education, Disease Duration | ||
Cognitive function | |||
MoCA | −0.27 (0.015) * | −0.27 (0.021) * | −0.29 (0.01) ** |
Episodic memory | |||
PSM | −0.11 (0.33) | −0.05 (0.69) | −0.02 (0.852) |
Executive function/Attention | |||
DCCS | −0.28 (0.014) * | −0.26 (0.032) * | −0.25 (0.044) * |
FICA | −0.20 (0.093) | −0.13 (0.313) | −0.09 (0.472) |
Language | |||
PV | −0.14 (0.22) | −0.07 (0.567) | −0.10 (0.439) |
Processing speed | |||
PCPS | −0.28 (0.015) * | −0.24 (0.05) * | −0.25 (0.043) * |
Temporal processing/Working memory | |||
RTCV | 0.36 (0.002) ** | 0.32 (0.009) ** | 0.29 (0.018) * |
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Scholl, J.L.; Espinoza, A.I.; Rai, W.; Leedom, M.; Baugh, L.A.; Berg-Poppe, P.; Singh, A. Relationships between Freezing of Gait Severity and Cognitive Deficits in Parkinson’s Disease. Brain Sci. 2021, 11, 1496. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111496
Scholl JL, Espinoza AI, Rai W, Leedom M, Baugh LA, Berg-Poppe P, Singh A. Relationships between Freezing of Gait Severity and Cognitive Deficits in Parkinson’s Disease. Brain Sciences. 2021; 11(11):1496. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111496
Chicago/Turabian StyleScholl, Jamie L., Arturo I. Espinoza, Wijdan Rai, Matt Leedom, Lee A. Baugh, Patti Berg-Poppe, and Arun Singh. 2021. "Relationships between Freezing of Gait Severity and Cognitive Deficits in Parkinson’s Disease" Brain Sciences 11, no. 11: 1496. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111496