Technical Evaluation Method for Physical Property Changes due to Environmental Degradation of Grout-Injection Repair Materials for Water-Leakage Cracks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Research Background and Objectives
1.2. Degradation Mechanism Causing Physical Property Changes to Grout-Injection Materials
2. Grout-Injection Materials and Test Specimen Products
2.1. Installation Methods and Exposure Conditions of Grout-Injection Materials
2.2. Properties of Test Specimen Products
2.2.1. Acrylic Resin Grout (Water-Based Acrylic Gel Grout)
2.2.2. Hydrophilic Epoxy Resin Grout
2.2.3. Polyurethane Foam Resin Grout
2.2.4. Synthetic Rubber Polymer Gel Grout
3. Evaluation Methods of Grout-Injection Material
3.1. Specimen Structures
3.2. Grout-Injection Materials Property Change Evaluation Regime
3.2.1. Evaluation for Property Changes Due to Thermal Stress
3.2.2. Evaluation Method for Property Change Due to Chemical Exposure
3.2.3. Evaluation Method for Property Changes Due to Water Flow Erosion
3.2.4. Evaluation Method for Wet Surface Adhesion Strength
3.2.5. Evaluation Method Property Changes Due to Hydrostatic Pressure
3.2.6. Evaluation Method for Property Changes Due to Substrate Behavioral Stress
4. Evaluation Results
4.1. Property Change to the Four Types of Grout-Injection Materials after Degradation Effects
4.1.1. Acrylic-Resin Grout-Injection Material
4.1.2. Epoxy-Resin Grout-Injection Material
4.1.3. Polyurethane-Foam Grout-Injection Material
4.1.4. SPRG Grout-Injection Material
4.2. Grout-Injection Material Physical Property Change Measurement Comparison Results
4.2.1. Acrylic-Resin Grout-Injection Material
4.2.2. Epoxy-Resin Grout-Injection Material
4.2.3. Polyurethane-Foam Grout-Injection Material
4.2.4. SPRG Grout-Injection Material
4.3. Inclusive Comparison of the Four Types of Grout-Injection Materials
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations:
ISO | International Standard Organization |
KS | Korean Industrial Standards |
ASTM | American Society for Testing and Materials |
BS EN | British Standard |
JIS | Japanese International Standard |
GB | Guo Biao (Chinese International Standard) |
SPRG | Synthetic Polymer Rubber Gel |
AHP | Analytic Hierarchy Process |
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Material Type | Repair Method | Expected Exposure Level of Degradation Factors | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Thermal Stress | Chemical Exposure | Water Flow Erosion | Wet Surface Adhesion Strength | Hydrostatic Pressure | Substrate Behavioral Stress | ||
Acrylic Resin Grout | Direct injection | ◌ | ◐ | ◐ | ● | ● | ● |
Epoxy Resin Grout | Direct injection | ◌ | ◐ | ◐ | ● | ● | ● |
Polyurethane Foam | Direct injection | ◌ | ◐ | ◐ | ● | ● | ● |
Synthetic Polymer Rubberized Gel (SPRG) Grout | Back Fill Grouting | ◐ | ◌ | ◌ | ● | ◐ | ● |
Note: Expected Degree of Exposure ●: High ◐: Moderate ◌: Low |
Product Number | Components | Properties |
---|---|---|
1 | Metal hydroxide aqueous solution + acrylic acid + methacrylic acid), persulfate, amine (redox polymerization catalyst, acrylic acid salts, cross-linking agent. | (1) Mixed viscosity: Less than 5 cps (2) Acrylate-based water-stop agent (3) Volume expansion: 400% (4) Curing time: 120 s |
2 | Acrylic acid metal salt, acrylamide, triethanolamine, glycerin, potassium femicyanide, sodium persulfate | (1) Mixed viscosity: Less than 3 cps (2) Acrylate-based water-stop agent (3) Volume swelling: 200% (4) Elongation: 70% after condensation AG-3 |
3 | Sodium polyacrylate, acrylamide- sodium acrylate, Water, hardener (sulfate compounds, water), accelerant (triethanolamine, water) | (1) Mixed viscosity: less than 20 cps (2) Acrylic seal grouting agent (3) Solubility: Soluble in water (4) Boiling point/melting point: 100 °C/−10 °C |
Product Number | Components/Ratio | Properties |
---|---|---|
1 | Epoxy resin + amine Main Agent: Hardener = 2:1 | (1) Non-shrinking low-viscosity epoxy resin (2) Pot life: 90 ± 5 min (20 ± 1 °C) (3) Cure time: About 8 h (30 ± 5 °C) |
2 | Epoxy resin + polyamide amine; Main Agent: Hardener = 2:1 | (1) Two-component low-viscosity wet-type grout (2) Pot life: 60 ± 2 min (25 ± 1 °C) (3) Cure time: 24–36 h(25 ± 1 °C) |
3 | Elastic epoxy sealant Main Agent: Hardener = 1:1 | (1) Two-component epoxy elastic sealing grout (2) Pot life: 60 ± 2 min (21 ± 1 °C) (3) Cure time: 24–36 h (21 ± 1 °C) |
Product Number | Components | Properties |
---|---|---|
1 | Reaction type polyurethane polymers Xylene: 4% | (1) Single-component rapid-curing elastic polyurethane (2) Solubility: Insoluble (3) Specific gravity (20 °C): 1.26 (4) Flashpoint: 65 °C |
2 | Hydrophobic rigid Polyurethane foam | (1) Double-component high-strength polyurethane (2) Viscosity: 532(resin) cps/23.1 °C (3) Initial/complete cure pot life: 60 min/24 h at room temperature |
3 | Polyurethane resin, Acetone (CH3CoCH3) and other additives | (1) Single-component polyurethane foam (2) Solubility: 1.3 g/100 mL (3) Specific gravity (20 °C): 1.37 (4) Viscosity: 200–500 cps/25°C |
Product Number | Components/Ratio | Properties |
---|---|---|
1 | Acrylamide, persulfate (mixed with one or two kinds of sodium, ammonium, and potassium), asphalt | (1) Solids: 85–90% (2) High-viscosity + low-viscosity non-curable composite aqueous gel |
2 | Asphalt, inorganic fillers, asphalt modifier, strengthening agent, heat resistance agent, adhesion reinforcement agent, curing additives, rubberized polymer etc. | (1) Solids: 95–99% (2) High-viscosity non-curable mastic asphalt (3) Polar covalent bond structure of hydrophilic and lipophilic groups |
3 | Asphalt, bentonite, oil, rubber, water soluble, polymer resin, etc. | (1) Solids: 90–95% (2) Highly adhesive non-curable bentonite |
Specimens | Thermal Stress (Leakage Time, min) | Chemical Erosion (Mass Loss, %) | Water flow Erosion (Mass Loss, %) | Wet Surface Adhesion Strength (De-Bonding Time, s) | Hydrostatic Pressure (Leakage Time, min) | Substrate Behavioral Stress (Leakage Time, min) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Materials | No. | ||||||
Acrylic A | 1 | 30 | 8.9 | 40.76 | 60 | 29 | 0 |
2 | 25 | 9.1 | 48.43 | 60 | 22 | 0 | |
3 | 27 | 5.7 | 51.57 | 60 | 52 | 0 | |
Avg | 22 | 7.9 | 46.92 | 60 | 34 | 0 | |
Acrylic B | 1 | 34 | 6.7 | 24.19 | 54 | 60 | 0 |
2 | 21 | 5.2 | 20.19 | 46 | 52 | 60 | |
3 | 42 | 7.9 | 54.02 | 39 | 60 | 60 | |
Avg | 32 | 6.6 | 32.80 | 46 | 57 | 40 | |
Acrylic C | 1 | 60 | 5.9 | 39.76 | 45 | 60 | 60 |
2 | 23 | 4.8 | 22.05 | 60 | 14 | 60 | |
3 | 60 | 5.8 | 29.00 | 49 | 60 | 60 | |
Avg | 48 | 5.5 | 30.27 | 60 | 60 | 60 |
Specimens | Thermal Stress (Leakage Time, min) | Chemical Erosion (Mass Loss, %) | Water flow Erosion (Mass Loss, %) | Wet Surface Adhesion Strength (De-Bonding Time, s) | Hydrostatic Pressure (Leakage Time, min) | Substrate Behavioral Stress (Leakage Time, min) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Materials | No. | ||||||
Epoxy A | 1 | 60 | 12.1 | 1 | 60 | 60 | 43 |
2 | 60 | 9.8 | 9 | 60 | 60 | 60 | |
3 | 60 | 11.2 | 1 | 60 | 60 | 24 | |
Avg | 60 | 11.0 | 4 | 60 | 60 | 42.33 | |
Epoxy B | 1 | 44 | 10.4 | 5 | 60 | 60 | 51 |
2 | 51 | 9.5 | 3 | 60 | 60 | 27 | |
3 | 42 | 10.0 | 3 | 60 | 60 | 29 | |
Avg | 46 | 10.0 | 4 | 60 | 60 | 35.67 | |
Epoxy C | 1 | 53 | 8.0 | 6 | 60 | 54 | 0 |
2 | 36 | 9.0 | 7 | 60 | 23 | 0 | |
3 | 49 | 7.8 | 6 | 60 | 47 | 0 | |
Avg | 46 | 8.2 | 6 | 60 | 41.33 | 0 |
Specimens | Thermal Stress (Leakage Time, min) | Chemical Erosion (Mass Loss, %) | Water flow Erosion (Mass Loss, %) | Wet Surface Adhesion Strength (De-Bonding Time, s) | Hydrostatic Pressure (Leakage Time, min) | Substrate Behavioral Stress (Leakage Time, min) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Materials | No. | ||||||
Urethane A | 1 | 12 | 15.5 | 4 | 14 | 15 | 3 |
2 | 9 | 14.9 | 10 | 2 | 23 | 0 | |
3 | 34 | 17.0 | 15 | 6 | 14 | 1 | |
Avg | 18.33 | 15.8 | 10 | 7.33 | 17.33 | 1.33 | |
Urethane B | 1 | 5 | 16.9 | 8 | 0 | 10 | 4 |
2 | 7 | 17.2 | 8 | 1 | 9 | 0 | |
3 | 8 | 15.8 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 3 | |
Avg | 6.67 | 16.6 | 7 | 2.33 | 8.33 | 2.33 | |
Urethane C | 1 | 6 | 15.2 | 20 | 2 | 5 | 0 |
2 | 14 | 16.3 | 21 | 31 | 26 | 2 | |
3 | 3 | 17.0 | 23 | 13 | 43 | 14 | |
Avg | 7.67 | 16.2 | 21 | 15.33 | 24.67 | 5.33 |
Specimens | Thermal Stress (Leakage Time, min) | Chemical Erosion (Mass Loss, %) | Water flow Erosion (Mass Loss, %) | Wet Surface Adhesion Strength (De-Bonding Time, s) | Hydrostatic Pressure (Leakage Time, min) | Substrate Behavioral Stress (Leakage Time, min) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Materials | No. | ||||||
SPRG A | 1 | 60 | 3.1 | 5 | 14 | 60 | 52 |
2 | 46 | 4.8 | 4 | 12 | 41 | 43 | |
3 | 60 | 3.0 | 7 | 36 | 60 | 60 | |
Avg | 55.33 | 3.7 | 5 | 20.67 | 53.67 | 51.67 | |
SPRG B | 1 | 36 | 2.1 | 3 | 60 | 60 | 60 |
2 | 37 | 0.6 | 5 | 60 | 60 | 39 | |
3 | 42 | 2.7 | 7 | 60 | 60 | 49 | |
Avg | 38.33 | 1.8 | 5 | 60 | 60 | 49.33 | |
SPRG C | 1 | 48 | 3.4 | 21 | 24 | 60 | 60 |
2 | 60 | 2.4 | 7 | 32 | 60 | 60 | |
3 | 35 | 3.1 | 1 | 6 | 60 | 60 | |
Avg | 47.67 | 3.0 | 10 | 20.67 | 60 | 60 |
Specimens | Properties Change Ratios | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Material Type | No. | Thermal Stress (%) (Tts) | Chemical Exposure (%) (Cl) | Water Flow Erosion (%) (Wl) | Wet Surface Adhesion Strength (%) (Aif) | Hydrostatic Pressure (%) (Thp) | Substrate Behavioral Stress (%) (Tsb) |
Acrylic Resin | A | 63 | 52.6 | 313 | 0 | 43 | 100 |
B | 47 | 44.0 | 219 | 23 | 5 | 33 | |
C | 20 | 36.8 | 202 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Epoxy Resin | A | 0 | 73.6 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 29 |
B | 24 | 66. | 27 | 0 | 0 | 41 | |
C | 23 | 55.0 | 40 | 0 | 31 | 100 | |
Polyurethane Grout | A | 69 | 105.2 | 67 | 88 | 71 | 98 |
B | 89 | 110.8 | 47 | 96 | 86 | 96 | |
C | 87 | 107.8 | 140 | 74 | 59 | 91 | |
SPRG | A | 8 | 24.4 | 33 | 66 | 11 | 14 |
B | 36 | 11.9 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 18 | |
C | 21 | 19.8 | 67 | 66 | 0 | 0 |
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Jiang, B.; Oh, K.-h.; Kim, S.-Y.; He, X.; Oh, S.-k. Technical Evaluation Method for Physical Property Changes due to Environmental Degradation of Grout-Injection Repair Materials for Water-Leakage Cracks. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1740. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091740
Jiang B, Oh K-h, Kim S-Y, He X, Oh S-k. Technical Evaluation Method for Physical Property Changes due to Environmental Degradation of Grout-Injection Repair Materials for Water-Leakage Cracks. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(9):1740. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091740
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Bo, Kyu-hwan Oh, Soo-Yeon Kim, Xingyang He, and Sang-keun Oh. 2019. "Technical Evaluation Method for Physical Property Changes due to Environmental Degradation of Grout-Injection Repair Materials for Water-Leakage Cracks" Applied Sciences 9, no. 9: 1740. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9091740