Classification of Factors Affecting the Performance of Fully Grouted Rock Bolts with Empirical Classification Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Rock-Mass Classification System and Rock-Bolt Design
2.2. Field Test Details
3. Results
3.1. Factors Affecting the Performance of Fully Grouted Rock Bolts
- Continuously mechanically coupled (CMC);
- Continuously frictionally coupled (CFC);
- Discretely mechanically or frictionally coupled (DMFC).
3.1.1. Rock-Bolt-Related Factors
Type and Shape
Effect of Rock-Bolt Length
Effect of Bolt and Hole Diameter
Face Plate
3.1.2. Effect of Grout Properties and Thickness
3.1.3. Effect of Stresses
In-Situ Stresses
Induced Stresses
Dynamic Loading
3.1.4. Factors Associated with Installation
Time of Installation
Effect of Tension
Inclination with Joint
Composite Response
3.1.5. Effect of Rock-Mass Type on the Performance of Fully Grouted Rock Bolt
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- The empirical rock-mass classification system proposed 20 mm, fully grouted rock-bolt patterns during tunnel-support design, which is a function of the rock-mass quality and tunnel span. The performance of the rock bolts depends on the efficient load-transfer mechanism, which is determined through the rock-bolt pull-out test.
- Based on the rock-bolt pull-out test, the factors affecting their performance are divided into five groups, and each group is further subdivided, and the effect of pull-out test results is discussed.
- Certain factors, such as rock-mass quality, ground water flow, and stresses, cannot be controlled. As the rock-mass quality decreases, the length effect also decreases in the rock-bolt pull-out test due to the weak bond between the grout and drilled hole’s periphery. In the case of groundwater, inflated steel-tube rock bolts have better performance than fully grouted rock bolts.
- Some parameters are critical for the safe and economic performance of the bolts, i.e., water–cement ratio, rock-bolt length, and time of support installation, and they should be considered in the design of the rock-bolt pattern during underground construction.
- The overall performance of rock bolts in terms of pull-out strength is good in rock mass that is good quality, irrespective of their installation location along the tunnel periphery.
- For the economical and efficient performance of fully grouted rock bolts, the factors investigated in this study should be considered, along with the empirical support patterns using rock-mass classification systems.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rock-Mass Classification System | Rock-Mass Class | ||
---|---|---|---|
Weathered Rock Mass | Soft Rock Mass | Moderate Rock Mass | |
RQD | <25 | 25–50 | 50–75 |
RMR | <20 | 21–40 | 41–60 |
Q | <0.1 | 0.1–1 | 1–10 |
Parameter | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rock Mass | Rock-Bolt Type | Rock Bolt Length (L) | Curing Time | Grout Type | Ground Water Condition |
Moderate (50) | Fully grouted (125) | L = 3 m (11) | 12 h (6) | Mortar (103) | Dry (109) |
Soft (40) | L = 4 m (81) | 24 h (6) | Wet (33) | ||
Weathered (52) | inflated steel tube (17) | L = 5 m (50) | 36 h (6) | Resin (22) |
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Kim, H.; Rehman, H.; Ali, W.; Naji, A.M.; Kim, J.-j.; Kim, J.; Yoo, H. Classification of Factors Affecting the Performance of Fully Grouted Rock Bolts with Empirical Classification Systems. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 4781. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9224781
Kim H, Rehman H, Ali W, Naji AM, Kim J-j, Kim J, Yoo H. Classification of Factors Affecting the Performance of Fully Grouted Rock Bolts with Empirical Classification Systems. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(22):4781. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9224781
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Haneol, Hafeezur Rehman, Wahid Ali, Abdul Muntaqim Naji, Jung-joo Kim, Jonguk Kim, and Hankyu Yoo. 2019. "Classification of Factors Affecting the Performance of Fully Grouted Rock Bolts with Empirical Classification Systems" Applied Sciences 9, no. 22: 4781. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9224781
APA StyleKim, H., Rehman, H., Ali, W., Naji, A. M., Kim, J.-j., Kim, J., & Yoo, H. (2019). Classification of Factors Affecting the Performance of Fully Grouted Rock Bolts with Empirical Classification Systems. Applied Sciences, 9(22), 4781. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9224781