Durability of Subsea Tunnels under the Coupled Action of Stress and Chloride Ions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Chloride Ion Transfer Equation under the Coupled Action of Convection and Diffusion
2.1. Diffusion Coefficient of Chloride Ions, D
2.2. Convection Velocity
3. Effect of Stress on Chloride Ions Transfer
3.1. The Coefficient under the Influence of Stress
3.2. Experimental Verification
3.3. The Stress of a Section of a Subsea Tunnel’s Lining
3.3.1. Normal Stresses of the Lining Section Corresponding to Bending Moment
3.3.2. The Compressive Stress of the Lining Section Corresponding to the Axial Force
3.3.3. The Total Stress of the Lining Section
3.3.4. Normal Stress of the Lining Section Caused by the Surrounding Water and Soil Pressure
4. Service Life of Subsea Tunnels Based on the Reliability Theory
5. Engineering Application
5.1. Chloride Ion Concentration Distribution
5.2. Sensitivity of Chloride Ion Concentration Under the Coupled Effect
5.3. Service Life
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- Under the influence of the coupled effect of diffusion and convection, diffusion played a major role in the early period, convection was the main effect during the middle period, and during the late period, diffusion was again responsible for the majority of the effect.
- (2)
- For the durability design of subsea tunnels, the coupled effect should be considered. It is safer to calculate the chloride ion concentration and predict the service life based on the coupled effect of diffusion and convection.
- (3)
- To improve the service life of subsea tunnels, the water-binder ratio should be reduced and/or the thickness of the protective cover should be increased.
- (4)
- The influence of stress on the convection was not considered, which can be studied by means of experiments and numerical simulation in future research.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Mean Value | Coefficient of Variable | Type of Probability Distribution |
---|---|---|---|
fc (kN/m2) | 39,500 | 0.11 | Normal distribution |
ft (kN/m2) | 3220 | 0.11 | Normal distribution |
As (m2) | 0.011 (0.023) | 0.01 | Normal distribution |
D0 (m2/year) | 1.61 × 10−4 | 0.7 | Logarithmic normal distribution |
Cs (%) | 0.57 (0.15) | 0.5 | Logarithmic normal distribution |
Ccr (%) | 0.46 (0.065) | 0.2 | Logarithmic normal distribution |
C (m) | 0.05 (0.06) | 0.3 | Normal distribution |
Density of concrete (kN/m3) | 26.5 | 0.07 | Normal distribution |
Density of soil (kN/m3) | 17.11 | 0.01 | Normal distribution |
The buried depth of the top of lining (m) | 49.5 | 0.05 | Normal distribution |
Coefficient of static earth pressure | 0.06 | 0.15 | Normal distribution |
Coefficient of strata resistance | 300,000 | 0.15 | Logarithmic normal distribution |
Water depth (m) | 50 | 0.05 | Normal distribution |
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Zhao, Q.; Lu, L. Durability of Subsea Tunnels under the Coupled Action of Stress and Chloride Ions. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 1984. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9101984
Zhao Q, Lu L. Durability of Subsea Tunnels under the Coupled Action of Stress and Chloride Ions. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(10):1984. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9101984
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Qingli, and Limin Lu. 2019. "Durability of Subsea Tunnels under the Coupled Action of Stress and Chloride Ions" Applied Sciences 9, no. 10: 1984. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9101984