Solar Tower Power Plants of Molten Salt External Receivers in Algeria: Analysis of Direct Normal Irradiation on Performance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results
3.1. Region of Béchar
3.2. Region of El Oued
3.3. Region of Djelfa
3.4. Optimization of the Field of Heliostats
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
STPP | Solar tower power plants |
DNI | Direct normal irradiation |
DHI | Diffuse horizontal irradiation |
GHI | Global horizontal irradiation |
SAM | System advisor module |
SM | Solar multiple |
TES | Thermal energy storage (h) |
CSP | Concentrated solar power |
ΔR | Radial distance between heliostats (m) |
ΔAZ | Azimuthal distance between heliostats (m) |
θ | Receiver elevation angle from heliostat (°) |
α | Heliostat loft angle in degree (°) |
Ah | Surface heliostat (m²) |
Id | Irradiation direct normal (W/m²) |
Nh | Number of heliostats. |
Nt | Total number of the receiver tube |
Efficiency of the solar field | |
Loss due to cosine effect | |
Loss due to shading effect | |
Loss due to blocking effect | |
Loss due to overflow | |
Loss due to reflection | |
Losses due to dispersal | |
CF | Capacity factor |
Egp | Energy generated in part-time (W) |
Egf | Energy generated in full-time (W) |
TMY | Typical Meteorological Year |
Qréc | Heat flow of the receiver (W) |
Qinc | Incident heat flow (W) |
qra | Loss of radiant heat flux (W) |
qconv | Loss of convection heat flux (W) |
qref | Loss of reflection flow (W) |
qsf | Energy generated by the field of heliostats (W) |
qpb | Energy required by the power block (W) |
Qh | Heat flow of molten salt (W) |
Si | Total surface/Surface total (m²) |
USi | Heat transfer conductance coefficient (W/K) |
mhtf | Molten salt flow rate (kg/s) |
Chtf | Heat capacity of the molten salt fluid (kJ/kg·K) |
Tst | Receiver temperature at the surface (K) |
Thtf | Inlet temperature of the molten salt at x position (K) |
Tic-air | Temperature of the air in the inner cavity (K) |
Rconv | Heat transfer resistance by convection (K/W) |
Rcond | Heat transfer resistance by conduction (K/W) |
Dit | Inner diameter of the tube (m) |
Dot | Outer diameter of the tube (m) |
hhtf | Convection heat transfer of the molten salt (W/m²·K) |
hconv | Convective heat losses from receiver tube (W/m2·K) |
Kt | Thermal conductivity of the receiver tube (W/m·K) |
Lt | Length of the tube (m) |
TRY | Test Reference Year |
EPW | Energy Plus Weather |
CSV | Comma Separated Value |
WM | Heliostat width meters |
HM | Heliostat height meters |
HTF | Heat transfer fluid |
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Parameter | Design Parameters | Djelfa | El Oued | Béchar |
---|---|---|---|---|
Location | DNI (W/m2) | 1050.00 | 750.00 | 700.00 |
Latitude (°) | 34.68 | 33.50 | 31.50 | |
Longitude (°) | 3.25 | 6.78 | −2.25 | |
Elevation (m) | 1144.00 | 69.00 | 816.00 |
Parameter | Design Parameters | Value |
---|---|---|
Field of heliostats | Surface of the heliostat (m²) | 144.00 |
Tower and receiver | Diameter of pipes (mm) Thickness of pipes (mm) Type of pipe material (stainless steel) | 60.00 1.25 |
Fluid | Heat transfer fluid (HTF) type | 60% NaNO3, 40% KNO3 |
Coolant | Input temperature (°C) Output temperature (°C) | 565.00 290.00 |
Power block | Design turbine output (MWe) Thermodynamic cycle efficiency (%) Operating pressure of the boiler (bar) Type of cooling capacitor | 820.00 37.00 100.00 Air |
Energy storage | Type of storage Load storage in full hours | 2 tanks 0–12 h |
Type of Parameter | Simulated Case, Scenario 1 [14] | Simulated Case, Scenario 2 [14] | Simulated Case, Study |
---|---|---|---|
Annual DNI (kWh/m2) | 1907.30 | 1907.30 | 2416.30 |
Hybridization (%) | 0.00 | 15.00 | 0.00 |
Net energy production (GWh/year) | 18.15 | 44.40 | 18.45 |
Net energy production difference (%) | 1.60 (scenario 1.00 and study) | ||
Annual capacity factor (%) | 10.60 | 26.00 | 10.50 |
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Rouibah, A.; Benazzouz, D.; Kouider, R.; Al-Kassir, A.; García-Sanz-Calcedo, J.; Maghzili, K. Solar Tower Power Plants of Molten Salt External Receivers in Algeria: Analysis of Direct Normal Irradiation on Performance. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 1221. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8081221
Rouibah A, Benazzouz D, Kouider R, Al-Kassir A, García-Sanz-Calcedo J, Maghzili K. Solar Tower Power Plants of Molten Salt External Receivers in Algeria: Analysis of Direct Normal Irradiation on Performance. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8(8):1221. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8081221
Chicago/Turabian StyleRouibah, Abdelkader, Djamel Benazzouz, Rahmani Kouider, Awf Al-Kassir, Justo García-Sanz-Calcedo, and K. Maghzili. 2018. "Solar Tower Power Plants of Molten Salt External Receivers in Algeria: Analysis of Direct Normal Irradiation on Performance" Applied Sciences 8, no. 8: 1221. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8081221