3D Printing Applied to Tissue Engineered Vascular Grafts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. 3D Printing Techniques Used for TEVG (Tissue-Engineered Vascular Graft)
- 1. Designing a 3D model (eventually based on patient-specific 3D imaging);
- 2. Converting the 3D model to data for the manufacturing process (tool path or 2D slices);
- 3. Manufacturing the model by a digitally controlled deposition or cross-linking process;
- 4. Post-processing for bulk or surface modifications [22].
2.1. Extrusion
2.2. Inkjet
2.3. Light-Based Systems
3. Three-Dimensional Printing Strategies for TEVG
3.1. Three-Dimensional Printing of Scaffolds
3.2. Bioprinting
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Tillman, B.; Hardin-Young, J.; Shannon, W.; Russell, A.J.; Parenteau, N.L. Meeting the need for regenerative therapies: Translation-focused analysis of U.S. regenerative medicine opportunities in cardiovascular and peripheral vascular medicine using detailed incidence data. Tissue Eng. Part B Rev. 2013, 19, 99–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, W.J.; Liu, W.; Cui, L.; Cao, Y. Tissue engineering of blood vessel. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 2007, 11, 945–957. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Salacinski, H.J.; Goldner, S.; Giudiceandrea, A.; Hamilton, G.; Seifalian, A.M.; Edwards, A.; Carson, R.J. The Mechanical Behavior of Vascular Grafts: A Review. J. Biomater. Appl. 2001, 15, 241–278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Seifu, D.G.; Purnama, A.; Mequanint, K.; Mantovani, D. Small-diameter vascular tissue engineering. Nat. Rev. Cardiol. 2013, 10, 410–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schneider, P.A.; Hanson, S.R.; Price, T.M.; Harker, L.A. Preformed confluent endothelial cell monolayers prevent early platelet deposition on vascular prostheses in baboons. J. Vasc. Surg. 1988, 8, 229–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dardik, A.; Liu, A.; Ballermann, B.J. Chronic in vitro shear stress stimulates endothelial cell retention on prosthetic vascular grafts and reduces subsequent in vivo neointimal thickness. J. Vasc. Surg. 1999, 29, 157–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Guinea, G.V.; Atienza, J.M.; Rojo, F.J.; García-Herrera, C.M.; Yiqun, L.; Claes, E.; Goicolea, J.M.; García-Montero, C.; Burgos, R.L.; Goicolea, F.J.; et al. Factors influencing the mechanical behaviour of healthy human descending thoracic aorta. Physiol. Meas. 2010, 31, 1553–1565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kohn, J.C.; Lampi, M.C.; Reinhart-King, C.A. Age-related vascular stiffening: Causes and consequences. Front. Genet. 2015, 6, 112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Z.; Wang, Z.; Liu, S.; Kodama, M. Pore size, tissue ingrowth, and endothelialization of small-diameter microporous polyurethane vascular prostheses. Biomaterials 2004, 25, 177–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, Y.-U.; Mahler, N.; Best, C.A.; Tara, S.; Sugiura, T.; Lee, A.Y.; Yi, T.; Hibino, N.; Shinoka, T.; Breuer, C. Rational design of an improved tissue-engineered vascular graft: Determining the optimal cell dose and incubation time. Regen. Med. 2016, 11, 159–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roh, J.D.; Sawh-Martinez, R.; Brennan, M.P.; Jay, S.M.; Devine, L.; Rao, D.A.; Yi, T.; Mirensky, T.L.; Nalbandian, A.; Udelsman, B.; et al. Tissue-engineered vascular grafts transform into mature blood vessels via an inflammation-mediated process of vascular remodeling. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2010, 107, 4669–4674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Stowell, C.E.T.; Wang, Y. Quickening: Translational design of resorbable synthetic vascular grafts. Biomaterials 2018, 173, 71–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hibino, N.; McGillicuddy, E.; Matsumura, G.; Ichihara, Y.; Naito, Y.; Breuer, C.; Shinoka, T. Late-term results of tissue-engineered vascular grafts in humans. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2010, 139, 431–436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Williams, S.K.; Morris, M.E.; Kosnik, P.E.; Lye, K.D.; Gentzkow, G.D.; Ross, C.B.; Dwevidi, A.J.; Kleinert, L.B. Point-of-Care Adipose-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction Cell Isolation and Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Graft Sodding. Tissue Eng. Part C Methods 2017, 23, 497–504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sugiura, T.; Matsumura, G.; Miyamoto, S.; Miyachi, H.; Breuer, C.K.; Shinoka, T. Tissue-engineered Vascular Grafts in Children with Congenital Heart Disease: Intermediate Term Follow-up. Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2018, 30, 175–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lawson, J.H.; Glickman, M.H.; Ilzecki, M.; Jakimowicz, T.; Jaroszynski, A.; Peden, E.K.; Pilgrim, A.J.; Prichard, H.L.; Guziewicz, M.; Przywara, S.; et al. Bioengineered human acellular vessels for dialysis access in patients with end-stage renal disease: Two phase 2 single-arm trials. Lancet 2016, 387, 2026–2034. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McAllister, T.N.; Maruszewski, M.; Garrido, S.A.; Wystrychowski, W.; Dusserre, N.; Marini, A.; Zagalski, K.; Fiorillo, A.; Avila, H.; Manglano, X.; et al. Effectiveness of haemodialysis access with an autologous tissue-engineered vascular graft: A multicentre cohort study. Lancet 2009, 373, 1440–1446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shin’oka, T.; Matsumura, G.; Hibino, N.; Naito, Y.; Watanabe, M.; Konuma, T.; Sakamoto, T.; Nagatsu, M.; Kurosawa, H. Midterm clinical result of tissue-engineered vascular autografts seeded with autologous bone marrow cells. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2005, 129, 1330–1338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kačarević, Ž.P.; Rider, P.M.; Alkildani, S.; Retnasingh, S.; Smeets, R.; Jung, O.; Ivanišević, Z.; Barbeck, M. An Introduction to 3D Bioprinting: Possibilities, Challenges and Future Aspects. Materials 2018, 11, 2199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shelmerdine, S.C.; Simcock, I.C.; Hutchinson, J.C.; Aughwane, R.; Melbourne, A.; Nikitichev, D.I.; Ong, J.-L.; Borghi, A.; Cole, G.; Kingham, E.; et al. 3D printing from microfocus computed tomography (micro-CT) in human specimens: Education and future implications. Br. J. Radiol. 2018, 91, 20180306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sfondrini, M.F.; Gandini, P.; Malfatto, M.; Di Corato, F.; Trovati, F.; Scribante, A. Computerized Casts for Orthodontic Purpose Using Powder-Free Intraoral Scanners: Accuracy, Execution Time, and Patient Feedback. BioMed Res. Int. 2018, 2018, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Chia, H.N.; Wu, B.M. Recent advances in 3D printing of biomaterials. J. Biol. Eng. 2015, 9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Murphy, S.V.; Atala, A. 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs. Nat. Biotechnol. 2014, 32, 773–785. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Borovjagin, A.V.; Ogle, B.M.; Berry, J.L.; Zhang, J. From Microscale Devices to 3D Printing: Advances in Fabrication of 3D Cardiovascular Tissues. Circ. Res. 2017, 120, 150–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mosadegh, B.; Xiong, G.; Dunham, S.; Min, J.K. Current progress in 3D printing for cardiovascular tissue engineering. Biomed. Mater. 2015, 10, 034002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jia, W.; Gungor-Ozkerim, P.S.; Zhang, Y.S.; Yue, K.; Zhu, K.; Liu, W.; Pi, Q.; Byambaa, B.; Dokmeci, M.R.; Shin, S.R.; et al. Direct 3D bioprinting of perfusable vascular constructs using a blend bioink. Biomaterials 2016, 106, 58–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zhang, Y.; Yu, Y.; Akkouch, A.; Dababneh, A.; Dolati, F.; Ozbolat, I.T. In vitro study of directly bioprinted perfusable vasculature conduits. Biomater. Sci. 2015, 3, 134–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Luo, Y.; Lode, A.; Gelinsky, M. Direct plotting of three-dimensional hollow fiber scaffolds based on concentrated alginate pastes for tissue engineering. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2013, 2, 777–783. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, W.; Zhong, Z.; Hu, N.; Zhou, Y.; Maggio, L.; Miri, A.K.; Fragasso, A.; Jin, X.; Khademhosseini, A.; Zhang, Y.S. Coaxial extrusion bioprinting of 3D microfibrous constructs with cell-favorable gelatin methacryloyl microenvironments. Biofabrication 2018, 10, 024102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mistry, P.; Aied, A.; Alexander, M.; Shakesheff, K.; Bennett, A.; Yang, J. Bioprinting Using Mechanically Robust Core–Shell Cell-Laden Hydrogel Strands. Macromol. Biosci. 2017, 17, 1600472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hölzl, K.; Lin, S.; Tytgat, L.; Van Vlierberghe, S.; Gu, L.; Ovsianikov, A. Bioink properties before, during and after 3D bioprinting. Biofabrication 2016, 8, 032002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gudapati, H.; Dey, M.; Ozbolat, I. A comprehensive review on droplet-based bioprinting: Past, present and future. Biomaterials 2016, 102, 20–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Xu, T.; Jin, J.; Gregory, C.; Hickman, J.J.; Boland, T. Inkjet printing of viable mammalian cells. Biomaterials 2005, 26, 93–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ng, W.L.; Lee, J.M.; Yeong, W.Y.; Naing, M.W. Microvalve-based bioprinting—Process, bio-inks and applications. Biomater. Sci. 2017, 5, 632–647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Saunders, R.E.; Gough, J.E.; Derby, B. Delivery of human fibroblast cells by piezoelectric drop-on-demand inkjet printing. Biomaterials 2008, 29, 193–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gittard, S.D.; Narayan, R.J. Laser direct writing of micro- and nano-scale medical devices. Expert Rev. Med. Devices 2010, 7, 343–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ligon, S.C.; Liska, R.; Stampfl, J.; Gurr, M.; Mülhaupt, R. Polymers for 3D Printing and Customized Additive Manufacturing. Chem. Rev. 2017, 117, 10212–10290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schöneberg, J.; De Lorenzi, F.; Theek, B.; Blaeser, A.; Rommel, D.; Kuehne, A.J.C.; Kießling, F.; Fischer, H. Engineering biofunctional in vitro vessel models using a multilayer bioprinting technique. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suri, S.; Han, L.-H.; Zhang, W.; Singh, A.; Chen, S.; Schmidt, C.E. Solid freeform fabrication of designer scaffolds of hyaluronic acid for nerve tissue engineering. Biomed. Microdevices 2011, 13, 983–993. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cui, H.; Nowicki, M.; Fisher, J.P.; Zhang, L.G. 3D Bioprinting for Organ Regeneration. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2017, 6, 1601118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, J.Y.; Shim, J.-H.; Choi, S.-A.; Jang, J.; Kim, M.; Lee, S.H.; Cho, D.-W. 3D printing technology to control BMP-2 and VEGF delivery spatially and temporally to promote large-volume bone regeneration. J. Mater. Chem. B 2015, 3, 5415–5425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mota, C.; Puppi, D.; Chiellini, F.; Chiellini, E. Additive manufacturing techniques for the production of tissue engineering constructs: Additive manufacturing techniques for the production of tissue engineering constructs. J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 2015, 9, 174–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gopinathan, J.; Noh, I. Recent trends in bioinks for 3D printing. Biomater. Res. 2018, 22, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Ouyang, L.; Yao, R.; Zhao, Y.; Sun, W. Effect of bioink properties on printability and cell viability for 3D bioplotting of embryonic stem cells. Biofabrication 2016, 8, 035020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chung, J.H.Y.; Naficy, S.; Yue, Z.; Kapsa, R.; Quigley, A.; Moulton, S.E.; Wallace, G.G. Bio-ink properties and printability for extrusion printing living cells. Biomater. Sci. 2013, 1, 763–773. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tabriz, A.G.; Hermida, M.A.; Leslie, N.R.; Shu, W. Three-dimensional bioprinting of complex cell laden alginate hydrogel structures. Biofabrication 2015, 7, 045012. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Visser, J.; Peters, B.; Burger, T.J.; Boomstra, J.; Dhert, W.J.A.; Melchels, F.P.W.; Malda, J. Biofabrication of multi-material anatomically shaped tissue constructs. Biofabrication 2013, 5, 035007. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pinnock, C.B.; Meier, E.M.; Joshi, N.N.; Wu, B.; Lam, M.T. Customizable engineered blood vessels using 3D printed inserts. Methods 2016, 99, 20–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hinton, T.J.; Jallerat, Q.; Palchesko, R.N.; Park, J.H.; Grodzicki, M.S.; Shue, H.-J.; Ramadan, M.H.; Hudson, A.R.; Feinberg, A.W. Three-dimensional printing of complex biological structures by freeform reversible embedding of suspended hydrogels. Sci. Adv. 2015, 1, e1500758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Xu, Y.; Hu, Y.; Liu, C.; Yao, H.; Liu, B.; Mi, S. A Novel Strategy for Creating Tissue-Engineered Biomimetic Blood Vessels Using 3D Bioprinting Technology. Materials 2018, 11, 1581. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baudis, S.; Nehl, F.; Ligon, S.C.; Nigisch, A.; Bergmeister, H.; Bernhard, D.; Stampfl, J.; Liska, R. Elastomeric degradable biomaterials by photopolymerization-based CAD-CAM for vascular tissue engineering. Biomed. Mater. 2011, 6, 055003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mishra, R.; Roux, B.M.; Posukonis, M.; Bodamer, E.; Brey, E.M.; Fisher, J.P.; Dean, D. Effect of prevascularization on in vivo vascularization of poly(propylene fumarate)/fibrin scaffolds. Biomaterials 2016, 77, 255–266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Melchiorri, A.J.; Hibino, N.; Best, C.A.; Yi, T.; Lee, Y.U.; Kraynak, C.A.; Kimerer, L.K.; Krieger, A.; Kim, P.; Breuer, C.K.; et al. 3D-Printed Biodegradable Polymeric Vascular Grafts. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2016, 5, 319–325. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Meyer, W.; Engelhardt, S.; Novosel, E.; Elling, B.; Wegener, M.; Krüger, H. Soft Polymers for Building up Small and Smallest Blood Supplying Systems by Stereolithography. J. Funct. Biomater. 2012, 3, 257–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kesari, P.; Xu, T.; Boland, T. Layer-by-layer printing of cells and its application to tissue engineering. MRS Proceed. 2004, 845. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lee, S.J.; Heo, D.N.; Park, J.S.; Kwon, S.K.; Lee, J.H.; Lee, J.H.; Kim, W.D.; Kwon, I.K.; Park, S.A. Characterization and preparation of bio-tubular scaffolds for fabricating artificial vascular grafts by combining electrospinning and a 3D printing system. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2015, 17, 2996–2999. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Centola, M.; Rainer, A.; Spadaccio, C.; De Porcellinis, S.; Genovese, J.A.; Trombetta, M. Combining electrospinning and fused deposition modeling for the fabrication of a hybrid vascular graft. Biofabrication 2010, 2, 014102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spadaccio, C.; Nappi, F.; De Marco, F.; Sedati, P.; Sutherland, F.W.H.; Chello, M.; Trombetta, M.; Rainer, A. Preliminary in Vivo Evaluation of a Hybrid Armored Vascular Graft Combining Electrospinning and Additive Manufacturing Techniques: Supplementary Issue: Current Developments in Drug Eluting Devices. Drug Target Insights 2016, 10, DTI-S35202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alemán, J.V.; Chadwick, A.V.; He, J.; Hess, M.; Horie, K.; Jones, R.G.; Kratochvíl, P.; Meisel, I.; Mita, I.; Moad, G.; et al. Definitions of terms relating to the structure and processing of sols, gels, networks, and inorganic-organic hybrid materials (IUPAC Recommendations 2007). Pure Appl. Chem. 2007, 79, 1801–1829. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hoffman, A.S. Hydrogels for biomedical applications. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2012, 64, 18–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guvendiren, M.; Molde, J.; Soares, R.M.D.; Kohn, J. Designing Biomaterials for 3D Printing. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2016, 2, 1679–1693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tsai, Y.-C.; Li, S.; Hu, S.-G.; Chang, W.-C.; Jeng, U.-S.; Hsu, S. Synthesis of Thermoresponsive Amphiphilic Polyurethane Gel as a New Cell Printing Material near Body Temperature. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 27613–27623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hsieh, F.-Y.; Lin, H.-H.; Hsu, S. 3D bioprinting of neural stem cell-laden thermoresponsive biodegradable polyurethane hydrogel and potential in central nervous system repair. Biomaterials 2015, 71, 48–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Engelhardt, S.; Hoch, E.; Borchers, K.; Meyer, W.; Krüger, H.; Tovar, G.E.M.; Gillner, A. Fabrication of 2D protein microstructures and 3D polymer-protein hybrid microstructures by two-photon polymerization. Biofabrication 2011, 3, 025003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, K.Y.; Mooney, D.J. Alginate: Properties and biomedical applications. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2012, 37, 106–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Woodruff, M.A.; Hutmacher, D.W. The return of a forgotten polymer—Polycaprolactone in the 21st century. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2010, 35, 1217–1256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Boland, E.D.; Pawlowski, K.J.; Barnes, C.P.; Simpson, D.G.; Wnek, G.E.; Bowlin, G.L. Electrospinning of Bioresorbable Polymers for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. In Polymeric Nanofibers; Reneker, D.H., Fong, H., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, USA, 2006; Volume 918, pp. 188–204. ISBN 978-0-8412-3919-7. [Google Scholar]
- Jiang, T.; Carbone, E.J.; Lo, K.W.-H.; Laurencin, C.T. Electrospinning of polymer nanofibers for tissue regeneration. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2015, 46, 1–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mauck, R.L.; Baker, B.M.; Nerurkar, N.L.; Burdick, J.A.; Li, W.-J.; Tuan, R.S.; Elliott, D.M. Engineering on the Straight and Narrow: The Mechanics of Nanofibrous Assemblies for Fiber-Reinforced Tissue Regeneration. Tissue Eng. Part B Rev. 2009, 15, 171–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Vijayavenkataraman, S.; Yan, W.-C.; Lu, W.F.; Wang, C.-H.; Fuh, J.Y.H. 3D bioprinting of tissues and organs for regenerative medicine. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mironov, V.; Visconti, R.P.; Kasyanov, V.; Forgacs, G.; Drake, C.J.; Markwald, R.R. Organ printing: Tissue spheroids as building blocks. Biomaterials 2009, 30, 2164–2174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Norotte, C.; Marga, F.S.; Niklason, L.E.; Forgacs, G. Scaffold-free vascular tissue engineering using bioprinting. Biomaterials 2009, 30, 5910–5917. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Kucukgul, C.; Ozler, S.B.; Inci, I.; Karakas, E.; Irmak, S.; Gozuacik, D.; Taralp, A.; Koc, B. 3D bioprinting of biomimetic aortic vascular constructs with self-supporting cells: 3D Bioprinting of Biomimetic Aortic Vascular Constructs. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015, 112, 811–821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Elomaa, L.; Pan, C.-C.; Shanjani, Y.; Malkovskiy, A.; Seppälä, J.V.; Yang, Y. Three-dimensional fabrication of cell-laden biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol-co-depsipeptide) hydrogels by visible light stereolithography. J. Mater. Chem. B 2015, 3, 8348–8358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Shanjani, Y.; Pan, C.C.; Elomaa, L.; Yang, Y. A novel bioprinting method and system for forming hybrid tissue engineering constructs. Biofabrication 2015, 7, 045008. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Itoh, M.; Nakayama, K.; Noguchi, R.; Kamohara, K.; Furukawa, K.; Uchihashi, K.; Toda, S.; Oyama, J.; Node, K.; Morita, S. Scaffold-Free Tubular Tissues Created by a Bio-3D Printer Undergo Remodeling and Endothelialization when Implanted in Rat Aortae. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0136681. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Christensen, K.; Xu, C.; Chai, W.; Zhang, Z.; Fu, J.; Huang, Y. Freeform inkjet printing of cellular structures with bifurcations: Approach Freeform Fabrication of Bifurcated Cellular Structures by Using a Liquid Support-Based Inkjet Printing Approach. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2015, 112, 1047–1055. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ji, S.; Guvendiren, M. Recent Advances in Bioink Design for 3D Bioprinting of Tissues and Organs. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 2017, 5, 23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gelinsky, M. 6—Biopolymer hydrogel bioinks. In 3D Bioprinting for Reconstructive Surgery; Thomas, D.J., Jessop, Z.M., Whitaker, I.S., Eds.; Elsevier Science & Technology: Cambridge, UK, 2018; pp. 125–136. ISBN 978-0-08-101103-4. [Google Scholar]
- Chua, C.K.; Yeong, W.Y. Bioprinting; World Scientific Series in 3D Printing; World Scientific: Singapore, 2014; Volume 1, ISBN 978-981-4612-10-4. [Google Scholar]
- Ulrich, T.A.; Jain, A.; Tanner, K.; MacKay, J.L.; Kumar, S. Probing cellular mechanobiology in three-dimensional culture with collagen–agarose matrices. Biomaterials 2010, 31, 1875–1884. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tarassoli, S.P.; Jessop, Z.M.; Kyle, S.; Whitaker, I.S. Candidate bioinks for 3D bioprinting soft tissue. In 3D Bioprinting for Reconstructive Surgery; Elsevier Science & Technology: Cambridge, UK, 2018; pp. 145–172. ISBN 978-0-08-101103-4. [Google Scholar]
- Janmey, P.A.; Winer, J.P.; Weisel, J.W. Fibrin gels and their clinical and bioengineering applications. J. R. Soc. Interface 2009, 6, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Antoine, E.E.; Vlachos, P.P.; Rylander, M.N. Review of Collagen I Hydrogels for Bioengineered Tissue Microenvironments: Characterization of Mechanics, Structure, and Transport. Tissue Eng. Part B Rev. 2014, 20, 683–696. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yue, K.; Trujillo-de Santiago, G.; Alvarez, M.M.; Tamayol, A.; Annabi, N.; Khademhosseini, A. Synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels. Biomaterials 2015, 73, 254–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Alexander, A.; Khan, J.; Saraf, S.; Saraf, S. Poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) based thermosensitive injectable hydrogels for biomedical applications. J. Control. Release 2013, 172, 715–729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pereira, R.F.; Bártolo, P.J. 3D bioprinting of photocrosslinkable hydrogel constructs. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Guvendiren, M.; Burdick, J.A. Engineering synthetic hydrogel microenvironments to instruct stem cells. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2013, 24, 841–846. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Zhang, M.; Desai, T.; Ferrari, M. Proteins and cells on PEG immobilized silicon surfaces. Biomaterials 1998, 19, 953–960. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deshmukh, M.; Singh, Y.; Gunaseelan, S.; Gao, D.; Stein, S.; Sinko, P.J. Biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels based on a self-elimination degradation mechanism. Biomaterials 2010, 31, 6675–6684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
Manufacturing Process | Acellular Materials | Cell-Laden Material | Manually Seeded Cells | Dimensions | Tubes | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Extrusion | PCL (scaffold) PVA (support) | - | - | D: 2–4 mm | B | [47] |
PCL (scaffold) gelMA-gellan (scaffold) Alginate (support) | Gelatin | MSC (S) | D: 4 mm | S | [47] | |
Fibin (support) PDMS (support) | Medium | HASMC (A) | D: 5 mm | S | [48] | |
Alginate (scaffold) Cacl2(bath) | - | - | D: 1–3 mm | B | [49] | |
Silicone (scaffold) | dECM Medium Medium | HA-VSMC (S) HUVEC (S) HDF-n (S) | D: 0.5–2 mm | S | [50] | |
DLP | PU | - | - | OD: 4 mm ID: 1.5 mm | S | [51] |
PPF | Fibrin | Sp of 50% HUVEC and 50% hMSC | ID: 2.5 mm T: 0.25 mm P: 0.35 mm | S | [52] | |
PPF | - | HUVEC (S) HUSMC (S) | ID: 1 mm T: 0.15 mm | S | [53] | |
SLA | PTHD-DA | - | - | D: 2 mm T: 0.1 mm | S | [54] |
2PP | PTHD-DA | - | - | ID: 18 μm T: 3 μm L: 160 μm | B | [54] |
Inkjet | Alginate (bath) CaCl2 (jetted) | - | SMC (S) | D: 2 μm L: 2 mm T: 2 mm | S | [55] |
Electrospinning and extrusion | Blend PCL-Chitosan (wall), PCL (reinforcement) | - | - | - | S | [56] |
Heparin-releasing PLLA (wall), PCL (reinforcement) | Medium | - | D: 5 mm L: 6 cm | S | [57,58] |
Manufacturing Process | Acellular Materials | Bioink | Bioprinted Cells | Dimensions | Tubes | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Extrusion | Agarose (mold) | - | HUVSMC, HSF, SMC (A) | D: 0.9–2.5 mm L: 7–10 cm | B | [72] |
NovoGel® (support) | - | MEF (A) | D: 9 mm H: 3.5 mm | [73] | ||
CaCl2 (bath) BaCl2 (post-treatment) | Alginate | U87-MG (S) | D: 7.5–20 mm | S | [46] | |
Extrusion combined with SLA | PCL (support) | PEG-co-PDP | HUVEC (S) | OD: 5 mm ID: 3 mm L: 20 mm | B | [74,75] |
Suction – deposition of spheroids on a needle array | - | - | Sp of 40% HUVEC, 10% HASMC and 50% NHDF | D: 1.5 mm L: 7 mm | S | [76] |
Coaxial extrusion | CaCl2 (sheath and core sections) | Blend of Alginate, GelMA and PEGTA | MSC, HUVECS (S) | D: 0.5–1.5 mm | S | [26] |
CaCl2 (sheath and core sections) | Alginate | HUVSMC (S) | D: 1 mm | S | [27] | |
Inkjet | CaCl2 (bath) | Alginate | NIH 3T3 (S) | D: 3 mm L: 10 mm | B | [77] |
Microvalve inkjet | - | Gelatin Fibrin Collagen | HUVEC (S) HUASMC (S) NHDF (S) | D: 1 mm T: 425 μm L: 16 mm | S | [38] |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wenger, R.; Giraud, M.-N. 3D Printing Applied to Tissue Engineered Vascular Grafts. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 2631. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8122631
Wenger R, Giraud M-N. 3D Printing Applied to Tissue Engineered Vascular Grafts. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8(12):2631. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8122631
Chicago/Turabian StyleWenger, Raphaël, and Marie-Noëlle Giraud. 2018. "3D Printing Applied to Tissue Engineered Vascular Grafts" Applied Sciences 8, no. 12: 2631. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8122631