Study of Surfactant Additives for the Manufacture of Warm Mix Asphalt: From Laboratory Design to Asphalt Plant Manufacture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
Materials
3. Testing Plan and Methods
4. Results
Effect of Different Additives on WMA Behaviour
5. Optimization of the WMA Design
6. Production of WMA in Plant, and Evaluation in Laboratory
7. Conclusions
- The manufacturing and compaction temperature has a strong impact on the behaviour of the mixture, obtaining better results when the manufacturing temperature is around 145 °C. Nonetheless, the behaviour of mixtures with the A1 and A2 additives appeared to be less susceptible to the effects of temperature than the material produced with A3 additives.
- For mixtures manufactured at 145 °C, the results showed that the use of certain additives even allowed for an improvement in mixture workability, tensile strength, and water susceptibility in comparison with conventional HMA.
- The results reveal that the use of certain chemical additives in WMA leads to lower stiffness modulus, without reducing the resistance to plastic deformations in reference to HMA. This indicates the possibility of obtaining more flexible mixtures without reducing strength, which could result in greater longevity of the mixtures. Nonetheless, there is a need for more in-depth studies on this topic.
- The A2 additive was identified as the most appropriate in this study on the basis of the laboratory results, and it was shown that using a lower dosage (0.05% over the bitumen mass, instead of 0.5% that is commonly used with chemical additives) allowed for lower susceptibility to the manufacturing temperature, whilst better mechanical performance was recorded. This fact could be associated with the nano-composition of this additive, which acts at the microscopic aggregate/bitumen interface.
- This study indicates that WMA can be produced in a conventional discontinuous plant without incorporating any significant changes to the equipment and manufacturing process.
- Moreover, the WMA presented appropriate density and air void values when compared to the HMA, whilst comparable tensile strength and water sensitivity was also recorded. Nonetheless, in this case, the reduction in stiffness modulus of the WMA produced a decrease in resistance to plastic deformations, which should be considered in further studies focusing on its application in bituminous pavements.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Properties | 18/25 | 12/18 | 6/12 | 0/6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Particle size (UNE-EN 933-1) | Sieves (mm) | % passing | % passing | % passing | % passing |
25 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
22 | 90 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |
16 | 4 | 38 | 100 | 100 | |
8 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 100 | |
2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 62 | |
0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | |
0.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 16 | |
0.063 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 3.0 | |
Coarse aggregate shape. Flakiness index (UNE-EN 933-3) | 5.25 | 5.82 | 12.01 | - | |
Percentage of fractured face (UNE-EN 933-5) | 95.8 | 95.2 | 97.1 | - | |
Resistance to fragmentation (UNE-EN 1097-2) | 24.7 | 24.7 | 24.7 | - | |
Cleaning (organic impurity content) (UNE-EN 146130) | 0.26 | 0.99 | 2.27 | - | |
Sand equivalent (UNE-EN 933-8) | - | - | - | 83.02 | |
Relative density and absorption (UNE-EN 1097-6) | Apparent density (Mg/m3) | 2.73 | 2.75 | 2.71 | 2.80 |
ADSS (Mg/m3) | 2.68 | 2.69 | 2.64 | 2.72 | |
Density after drying (Mg/m3) | 2.70 | 2.71 | 2.66 | 2.75 | |
Water absorption (%) | 0.64 | 0.81 | 0.93 | 1.03 |
Property | Standard | HMA |
---|---|---|
Apparent density (g/cm3) | EN 12697-6 | 2.477 |
Mix air void content (%) | EN 12697-8 | 4.1 |
Aggregates air void (%) | EN 12697-8 | 13.7 |
Marshall stability (kN) | EN 12697-34 | 17.79 |
Marshall deformation (mm) | EN 12697-34 | 4.1 |
Study Step | Asphalt Mix | Additive | Temperature °C | Tests | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | % | ||||
Effect of different additives on WMA behaviour | HMA165 | - | - | 165 | Workability I. tensile strength Water sensitivity Stiffness Triaxial |
WMA-1-0.5-145 | A1 | 0.5 | 145 | ||
WMA-2-0.5-145 | A2 | ||||
WMA-3-0.5-145 | A3 | ||||
WMA-1-0.5-120 | A1 | 0.5 | 120 | ||
WMA-2-0.5-120 | A2 | ||||
WMA-3-0.5-120 | A3 | ||||
Optimisation of WMA design | HMA165 | - | - | 165 | Workability I. tensile strength Water sensitivity Stiffness Triaxial |
WMA-S-0.5-145 | Selected | 0.5 | 145 | ||
WMA-S-0.05-145 | 0.05 | ||||
WMA-S-0.5-120 | 0.5 | 120 | |||
WMA-S-0.05-120 | 0.05 | ||||
Production of WMA in asphalt plant | HMA165 | - | - | 165 | Density Water sensitivity Stiffness Triaxial |
WMA-S-S-S | Selected | Selected | Selected |
Mix | Density (Mg/m3) | Air Void Content (%) | Water Susceptibility | Stiffness Modulus at 20 °C (MPa) | Triaxial | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ITS Dry (kPa) | ITSR (%) | P. def. (%) | Creep Ratio | ||||
WMA | 2.451 | 5.7 | 1530.2 | 96.0 | 6626.3 | 2.76 | 1.1 |
HMA | 2.471 | 5.0 | 1569.6 | 91.4 | 7371.2 | 1.71 | 0.7 |
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Sol-Sánchez, M.; Moreno-Navarro, F.; Rubio-Gámez, M.C. Study of Surfactant Additives for the Manufacture of Warm Mix Asphalt: From Laboratory Design to Asphalt Plant Manufacture. Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 745. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7070745
Sol-Sánchez M, Moreno-Navarro F, Rubio-Gámez MC. Study of Surfactant Additives for the Manufacture of Warm Mix Asphalt: From Laboratory Design to Asphalt Plant Manufacture. Applied Sciences. 2017; 7(7):745. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7070745
Chicago/Turabian StyleSol-Sánchez, Miguel, Fernando Moreno-Navarro, and Ma Carmen Rubio-Gámez. 2017. "Study of Surfactant Additives for the Manufacture of Warm Mix Asphalt: From Laboratory Design to Asphalt Plant Manufacture" Applied Sciences 7, no. 7: 745. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7070745