Uniaxial Compressive Strength and Fracture Mode of Lake Ice at Moderate Strain Rates Based on a Digital Speckle Correlation Method for Deformation Measurement
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Methods
2.1. Ice Specimens
2.2. High-Speed Loading Machine with Two Load Cells for Dynamic Force Measurement
2.3. Digital Speckle Correlation Method for Deformation Measurement
3. Experimental Results
3.1. Results of Dynamic Uniaxial Compression Tests on Hard Ice
3.1.1. Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Hard Ice
3.1.2. Fracture Mode of Hard Ice
3.1.3. Dynamic Deformation Measurement by DSCM
3.2. Results of Dynamic Uniaxial Compression Tests on Soft Ice
3.2.1. Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Soft Ice
3.2.2. Fracture Mode of Soft Ice
3.2.3. Dynamic Deformation Measurement by DSCM
4. Summary of Results and Discussion
4.1. Dynamic Deformation of Ice Samples at Moderate Rates
4.2. Relationship between Compressive Strength and Strain-Rate, Air Porosity, Loading Direction as Well as Temperature in Moderate Strain-Rate Range
4.3. Fracture Mode of Ice at Moderate Strain Rates
4.4. Crack Propagation Velocity
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- When loading rate is not greater than 2.0 m·s−1, the forces obtained at the two ends of a five-centimeter-high ice specimen are balanced or approximately balanced. Therefore, the difference in forces between the upper-end and the lower-end, resulting from the inertial effect, could be ignored.
- (2)
- In ice dynamic compression experiments, there may exist a significant difference between true deformation and nominal deformation, so it is not recommended to regard nominal strain-rate and nominal ultimate strain directly as true strain-rate and true ultimate strain.
- (3)
- By constructing an artificial speckle on ice surface, it is feasible to measure the deformation of ice specimen under dynamic compression tests through the digital speckle correlation method.
- (4)
- In the employed strain-rate range (0.4–10 s−1), the relationships between uniaxial compressive strength of natural lake ice and its influencing factors, such as strain-rate, temperature, loading direction, as well as air porosity, are almost similar to that under quasi-static conditions. The compressive strength increases with increasing strain-rate, and they obey a power-law relationship with the power exponent of 0.14–0.17. Temperature has a significant effect on the compressive strength, no matter whether the air porosity in ice is low or high and whether the loading direction is horizontal or vertical. The compressive strength shows an increasing trend with decreasing temperature. The strength at −10 °C is about 1.4–1.8 times that at −5 °C. Moreover, the vertical compressive strength is slightly greater than the horizontal compressive strength.
- (5)
- In the employed strain-rate range, the fracture mode of ice is not sensitive to the loading rate and loading direction. Failure of ice specimen exhibits features of longitudinal splitting failure, accompanied with feature of forming a large number of small fragments, just like that in crushing failure mode. The fracture mode is a combination of splitting failure and crushing failure.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Components | Deformation | Stiffness |
---|---|---|
Sample | ||
Actuator | ||
Load frames | ||
Drive system | ||
Load cell | ||
Test fixtures | ||
Contact interfaces |
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Loading Rate (m·s−1) | Serial Number | Uniaxial Compressive Strength (MPa) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
−5 °C | −10 °C | ||||
Horizontal Loading | Vertical Loading | Horizontal Loading | Vertical Loading | ||
0.1 | 1 | 2.224 | 3.159 | 6.391 | 5.520 |
2 | 5.187 | 3.271 | 5.462 | 7.143 | |
3 | 2.795 | 4.642 | 5.300 | 5.991 | |
4 | - | 3.702 | - | - | |
0.2 | 1 | 3.410 | 5.049 | 7.306 | 7.112 |
2 | 4.779 | 3.327 | 5.608 | 8.476 | |
3 | 3.370 | 2.974 | 8.380 | 7.459 | |
4 | 2.082 | 3.280 | - | - | |
0.5 | 1 | 3.726 | 5.372 | 6.196 | 6.438 |
2 | 3.277 | 3.970 | 6.627 | 6.869 | |
3 | 4.865 | 6.064 | 7.315 | 8.444 | |
4 | 5.288 | 8.294 | - | - | |
1.0 | 1 | 2.944 | 3.826 | 7.117 | 6.472 |
2 | 5.050 | 5.877 | 9.830 | 8.602 | |
3 | 4.007 | 7.391 | 6.001 | 6.126 | |
4 | - | 4.644 | - | - | |
2.0 | 1 | 4.567 | 6.539 | 8.181 | 8.341 |
2 | 7.413 | 9.553 | 7.020 | 12.949 | |
3 | 5.633 | 11.358 | 8.378 | 12.200 | |
4 | - | 6.242 | - | - |
Temperature (°C) | Sample Name | Nominal Strain-Rate (s−1) | Sustaining Time (ms) | Average True Strain-Rate (s−1) | Nominal Ultimate Strain (%) | True Ultimate Strain (‰) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−5 | HV01mps3 | 2 | 4.80 | 0.56 | 0.96 | 2.69 |
HV02mps2 | 4 | 2.30 | 1.20 | 0.92 | 2.76 | |
HV05mps3 | 10 | 1.05 | 2.20 | 1.05 | 2.31 | |
HV1mps3 | 20 | 0.24 | 5.29 | 0.48 | 1.27 | |
HV2mps2 | 40 | 0.11 | 10.26 | 0.44 | 1.13 | |
HH01mps2 | 2 | 5.20 | 0.47 | 1.04 | 2.44 | |
HH02mps2 | 4 | 2.45 | 1.02 | 0.98 | 2.50 | |
HH05mps2 | 10 | 1.08 | 2.10 | 1.08 | 2.27 | |
HH1mps2 | 20 | 0.45 | 4.65 | 0.90 | 2.09 | |
HH2mps2 | 40 | 0.14 | 9.14 | 0.56 | 1.28 | |
−10 | HV01mps3 | 2 | 4.84 | 0.43 | 0.97 | 2.08 |
HV02mps2 | 4 | 2.36 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 2.29 | |
HV05mps2 | 10 | 1.18 | 2.11 | 1.18 | 2.49 | |
HV1mps3 | 20 | 0.20 | 4.93 | 0.40 | 0.99 | |
HV2mps3 | 40 | 0.11 | 9.01 | 0.44 | 0.99 | |
HH01mps2 | 2 | 5.20 | 0.49 | 1.04 | 2.55 | |
HH02mps3 | 4 | 2.00 | 1.20 | 0.80 | 2.40 | |
HH05mps2 | 10 | 0.85 | 2.49 | 0.85 | 2.12 | |
HH1mps2 | 20 | 0.25 | 5.38 | 0.50 | 1.35 | |
HH2mps2 | 40 | 0.13 | 9.65 | 0.52 | 1.25 |
Loading Rate (m·s−1) | Serial Number | Compressive Strength (MPa) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
−5 °C | −10 °C | ||||
Horizontal Loading | Vertical Loading | Horizontal Loading | Vertical Loading | ||
0.1 | 1 | 2.912 | 4.859 | 2.989 | 4.862 |
2 | 2.548 | 3.001 | 4.130 | 6.423 | |
3 | 1.664 | 3.908 | 4.618 | 3.160 | |
4 | 1.170 | 4.119 | 3.426 | 7.300 | |
5 | 2.543 | - | 4.011 | - | |
6 | 3.228 | - | - | - | |
7 | 1.970 | - | - | - | |
0.2 | 1 | 1.809 | 4.743 | 3.680 | 7.171 |
2 | 2.012 | 3.107 | 4.200 | 8.402 | |
3 | 3.966 | 5.722 | 4.235 | 4.893 | |
4 | 2.646 | - | 4.499 | - | |
5 | 1.939 | - | - | - | |
0.5 | 1 | 1.541 | 2.975 | 4.512 | 5.814 |
2 | 1.905 | 5.782 | 4.911 | 4.823 | |
3 | 1.543 | 4.268 | 3.600 | 6.466 | |
4 | 2.863 | - | - | - | |
1.0 | 1 | 2.310 | 3.565 | 4.236 | 6.135 |
2 | 3.445 | 4.211 | 3.936 | 7.586 | |
3 | 3.100 | 5.522 | 5.130 | 6.550 | |
4 | 1.735 | - | - | - | |
2.0 | 1 | 3.183 | 5.651 | 6.226 | 6.982 |
2 | 4.157 | 4.790 | 4.866 | 8.861 | |
3 | 2.491 | 7.049 | 5.825 | 11.349 | |
4 | 1.966 | - | - | - |
Temperature (°C) | Sample Name | Nominal Strain-Rate (s−1) | Sustaining Time (ms) | Average True Strain-Rate (s−1) | Nominal Ultimate Strain (%) | True Ultimate Strain (‰) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−5 | SH01mps4 | 2 | 4.51 | 0.44 | 0.90 | 1.98 |
SH02mps3 | 4 | 2.36 | 1.09 | 0.94 | 2.57 | |
SH05mps3 | 10 | 0.84 | 2.79 | 0.84 | 2.34 | |
SH1mps2 | 20 | 0.23 | 5.78 | 0.46 | 1.33 | |
SH2mps3 | 40 | 0.16 | 9.16 | 0.64 | 1.47 | |
SV01mps3 | 2 | 5.50 | 0.56 | 1.10 | 3.08 | |
SV02mps3 | 4 | 2.35 | 0.89 | 0.94 | 2.09 | |
SV05mps2 | 10 | 1.21 | 2.73 | 1.21 | 3.30 | |
SV1mps2 | 20 | 0.20 | 4.31 | 0.40 | 0.86 | |
SV2mps3 | 40 | 0.11 | 9.35 | 0.44 | 1.03 | |
−10 | SH01mps5 | 2 | 6.19 | 0.41 | 1.24 | 2.54 |
SH02mps3 | 4 | 2.80 | 0.88 | 1.12 | 2.46 | |
SH05mps2 | 10 | 0.97 | 2.27 | 0.97 | 2.20 | |
SH1mps3 | 20 | 0.41 | 5.46 | 0.82 | 2.24 | |
SH2mps2 | 40 | 0.12 | 9.15 | 0.48 | 1.10 | |
SV01mps2 | 2 | 6.03 | 0.48 | 1.21 | 2.89 | |
SV02mps2 | 4 | 2.24 | 1.14 | 0.90 | 2.55 | |
SV05mps3 | 10 | 1.26 | 2.01 | 1.26 | 2.53 | |
SV1mps3 | 20 | 0.28 | 5.98 | 0.56 | 1.67 | |
SV2mps3 | 40 | 0.15 | 9.53 | 0.60 | 1.43 |
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Lian, J.; Ouyang, Q.; Zhao, X.; Liu, F.; Qi, C. Uniaxial Compressive Strength and Fracture Mode of Lake Ice at Moderate Strain Rates Based on a Digital Speckle Correlation Method for Deformation Measurement. Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 495. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7050495
Lian J, Ouyang Q, Zhao X, Liu F, Qi C. Uniaxial Compressive Strength and Fracture Mode of Lake Ice at Moderate Strain Rates Based on a Digital Speckle Correlation Method for Deformation Measurement. Applied Sciences. 2017; 7(5):495. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7050495
Chicago/Turabian StyleLian, Jijian, Qunan Ouyang, Xin Zhao, Fang Liu, and Chunfeng Qi. 2017. "Uniaxial Compressive Strength and Fracture Mode of Lake Ice at Moderate Strain Rates Based on a Digital Speckle Correlation Method for Deformation Measurement" Applied Sciences 7, no. 5: 495. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7050495
APA StyleLian, J., Ouyang, Q., Zhao, X., Liu, F., & Qi, C. (2017). Uniaxial Compressive Strength and Fracture Mode of Lake Ice at Moderate Strain Rates Based on a Digital Speckle Correlation Method for Deformation Measurement. Applied Sciences, 7(5), 495. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7050495