The Application of Homogenate and Filtrate from Baltic Seaweeds in Seedling Growth Tests
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Seaweed Biomass
2.3. Homogenization of Algae
2.4. Products for Seedling Growth Tests
2.5. Seedling Growth Tests—Radish Seeds
2.6. Method of the Application of the Obtained Products in the Seedling Growth Tests
2.6.1. Soil and Foliar Application
2.6.2. Seed Treatment
2.7. Length and Weight of Seedlings
2.8. Analytical Methods
2.8.1. Inorganic Composition of the Algal Biomass, Algal Products, and Seedlings
2.8.2. Determination of the Degree of Metal Ions Complexation in the Tested Products
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Algal Products
The Multi-Elemental Composition of the Raw Algal Biomass, Algal Filtrate, and Homogenate
3.2. Degree of Complexation of Metal Ions in the Tested Products
3.3. Preliminary Seedling Growth Tests
3.3.1. The Choice of the Concentration of Algal Filtrate for Foliar and Soil Applications—Effect on Seedlings Length and Dry Weight
3.3.2. The Choice of the Dose of Algal Homogenate for Seed Coating
3.3.3. The Choice of Soaking Time
3.4. Final Seedling Growth Tests
3.5. Characteristics of the Seedlings
Multi-Elemental Composition
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Wavelength | Algal Biomass | F 100% | F 100%-Zn | H 10% | H 10%-Zn | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(nm) | (mg/kg d.w.) | (mg/L) | |||||
Microelements | B | 249.773 | 97.8 ± 14.7 | 2.67 ± 0.40 | 1.28 ± 0.19 | 5.18 ± 0.78 | 3.88 ± 0.58 |
Cu | 324.754 | 12.7 ± 1.9 | 2.86 ± 0.43 | 1.70 ± 0.25 | 1.40 ± 0.21 | 1.14 ± 0.17 | |
Fe | 259.94 | 3760 ± 560 | 47.2 ± 7.1 | 42.0 ± 6.3 | 117 ± 17 | 114 ± 17 | |
Mn | 257.61 | 232 ± 35 | 1.67 ± 0.25 | 1.68 ± 0.25 | 2.27 ± 0.34 | 2.32 ± 0.35 | |
Si | 251.611 | 906 ± 136 | 97.7 ± 14.7 | 87.5 ± 13.1 | 50.6 ± 7.6 | 69.5 ± 10.4 | |
Zn | 213.856 | 64.9 ± 9.7 | 2.27 ± 0.34 | 9060 ± 1810 | 3.55 ± 0.53 | 9340 ± 1870 | |
Macroelements | Ca | 315.887 | 24,800 ± 4950 | 619 ± 93 | 656 ± 98 | 608 ± 91 | 651 ± 98 |
K | 766.49 | 4150 ± 830 | 64.5 ± 9.7 | 55.2 ± 8.3 | 71.3 ± 10.7 | 30.9 ± 4.6 | |
Mg | 279.079 | 1880 ± 280 | 236 ± 35 | 243 ± 36 | 190 ± 28 | 199 ± 30 | |
Na | 588.995 | 6350 ± 1270 | 136 ± 20 | 119 ± 18 | 98.3 ± 14.7 | 86.0 ± 12.9 | |
P | 213.618 | 881 ± 132 | 33.3 ± 5.0 | 29.2 ± 4.4 | 55.3 ± 8.3 | 40.2 ± 6.03 | |
S | 182.034 | 6830 ± 1370 | 208 ± 31 | 4834 ± 725 | 205 ± 31 | 5070 ± 1010 | |
Other elements | Al | 308.215 | 1570 ± 236 | 62.5 ± 8.1 | 32.0 ± 4.2 | 43.4 ± 5.6 | 37.2 ± 4.8 |
Ba | 455.403 | 24.5 ± 3.7 | 6.09 ± 0.91 | 5.50 ± 0.82 | 4.66 ± 0.70 | 4.51 ± 0.68 | |
Cd | 228.802 | 0.707 ± 0.092 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.119 ± 0.015 | 0.0498 ± 0.0100 | |
Cr | 267.716 | 9.59 ± 1.44 | 0.585 ± 0.088 | 0.500 ± 0.075 | 1.05 ± 0.16 | 1.03 ± 0.15 | |
Ni | 231.604 | 5.23 ± 0.78 | 0.790 ± 0.118 | <LOD | 2.33 ± 0.349 | <LOD | |
Pb | 220.353 | 7.03 ± 0.91 | 0.522 ± 0.068 | <LOD | 0.267 ± 0.035 | <LOD |
Group | Soil Application 1 | Foliar Application 2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Filtrate | Filtrate Enriched with Zn(II) Ions | Filtrate | Filtrate Enriched with Zn(II) Ions | |||||
Average Seedlings Length 3 (cm) ± SD | Average Seedlings Dry Weight 4 (g) ± SD | Average Seedlings Length 3 (cm) ± SD | Average Seedlings Dry Weight 4 (g) ± SD | Average Seedlings Length 3 (cm) ± SD | Average Seedlings Dry Weight 4 (g) ± SD | Average Seedlings Length 3 (cm) ± SD | Average Seedlings Dry Weight 4 (g) ± SD | |
C-H2O | 2.10 ± 0.88 bd | 0.348 ± 0.012 | 2.35 ± 0.84 bd | 0.346 ± 0.006 | 2.97 ± 1.08 be | 0.228 ± 0.004 | 1.74 ± 0.95 c | 0.218 ± 0.010 |
F 100% | 6.15 ± 1.40 ab | 0.305 ± 0.005 | 5.89 ± 1.21 ab | 0.280 ± 0.006 | 5.81 ± 1.74 ab | 0.282 ± 0.005 | 2.75 ± 1.59 | 0.248 ± 0.020 |
F 50% | 8.46 ± 1.89 cd | 0.361 ± 0.023 | 7.49 ± 2.12 cd | 0.332 ± 0.013 | 8.39 ± 1.75 acde | 0.337 ± 0.006 | 4.27 ± 0.87 abc | 0.269 ± 0.002 |
F 25% | 4.85 ± 2.07 | 0.295 ± 0.005 | 4.78 ± 1.33 | 0.282 ± 0.014 | 4.65 ± 1.56 c | 0.267 ± 0.022 | 2.32 ± 0.94 a | 0.260 ± 0.013 |
F 5.0% | 2.70 ± 1.16 ac | 0.303 ± 0.014 | 3.01 ± 1.42 ac | 0.303 ± 0.014 | 4.53 ± 1.63 d | 0.257 ± 0.022 | 2.04 ± 1.47 b | 0.252 ± 0.013 |
Group | Applied Doses for Seed Coating | Average Seedlings Length 1 (cm) ± SD | Average Seedlings Dry Weight 2 (g) ± SD |
---|---|---|---|
C (Control) | - | 5.75 ± 1.96 | 0.241 ± 0.013 |
C-H2O-Zn | 50 mg/g of seeds | 6.45 ± 1.89 | 0.314 ± 0.038 |
100 mg/g of seeds | 6.30 ± 1.95 | 0.308 ± 0.021 | |
H 10% | 50 mg/g of seeds | 7.05 ± 1.94 | 0.303 ± 0.117 |
100 mg/g of seeds | 5.76 ± 1.69 | 0.270 ± 0.057 | |
H 10%-Zn | 50 mg/g of seeds | 7.05 ± 1.07 | 0.357 ± 0.021 |
100 mg/g of seeds | 6.90 ± 1.41 | 0.357 ± 0.041 |
Group | Soaking Time (h) | Average Seedlings Length 1 (cm) ± SD | Average Seedlings Dry Weight 2 (g) ± SD |
---|---|---|---|
C—seeds without soaking * | 1 | 2.85 ± 1.03 j–m | 0.206 ± 0.001 |
C—seeds without soaking | 12 | 1.95 ± 0.60 | 0.291 ± 0.004 |
C—seeds without soaking | 24 | 2.45 ± 0.90 n | 0.251 ± 0.023 |
C-H2O | 1 | 2.30 ± 0.79° | 0.239 ± 0.013 |
C-H2O | 12 | 2.10 ± 0.97 | 0.246 ± 0.009 |
C-H2O | 24 | 2.05 ± 0.76 | 0.265 ± 0.001 |
C-H2O-Zn | 1 | 1.15 ± 0.63 bgk | 0.292 ± 0.034 |
C-H2O-Zn | 12 | 1.10 ± 0.46 chl | 0.285 ± 0.019 |
C-H2O-Zn | 24 | 0.720 ± 0.364 deimno | 0.306 ± 0.013 |
F 50% | 1 | 2.76 ± 0.75 a–d | 0.322 ± 0.048 |
F 50% | 12 | 2.20 ± 0.86 e | 0.254 ± 0.068 |
F 50% | 24 | 2.75 ± 0.98 f–i | 0.263 ± 0.015 |
F 50%-Zn | 1 | 1.95 ± 0.96 | 0.288 ± 0.018 |
F 50%-Zn | 12 | 1.50 ± 0.47 | 0.292 ± 0.005 |
F 50%-Zn | 24 | 1.00 ± 0.47 afj | 0.318 ± 0.001 |
(a) | ||||
Group | Soil Application | Foliar Application | ||
Average Seedlings Length (cm) ± SD 1,3 | Average Seedlings Weight (g) ± SD 2,4 | Average Seedlings Length (cm) ± SD 2,3 | Average Seedlings Weight (g) ± SD 2,4 | |
C-H2O | 4.38 ± 1.28 | 0.255 ± 0.061 cd | 4.38 ± 1.28 cde | 0.255 ± 0.061 cd |
C-H2O-Zn | 0.715 ± 0.134 b | 0.329 ± 0.033 bd | 1.38 ± 0.21 be | 0.301 ± 0.022 bd |
F 50% | 8.85 ± 1.51 ab | 0.226 ± 0.019 ab | 7.33 ± 1.18 abc | 0.201 ± 0.022 ab |
F 50%-Zn | 0.825 ± 0.072 a | 0.282 ± 0.022 ac | 1.35 ± 0.24 ad | 0.303 ± 0.019 ac |
(b) | ||||
Seed Treatment | ||||
Method | Group | Average Seedlings Length (cm) ± SD 1,3 | Average Seedlings Weight (g) ± SD 2,4 | |
Seed soaking (1 h) | C—seeds without soaking | 4.78 ± 0.54 | 0.136 ± 0.005 df | |
C-H2O | 6.03 ± 1.02b | 0.160 ± 0.022 ce | ||
C-H2O-Zn | 2.28 ± 0.25ab | 0.204 ± 0.018 bef | ||
F 50% | 5.93 ± 1.65a | 0.157 ± 0.012 ab | ||
F 50%-Zn | 3.25 ± 0.34 | 0.199 ± 0.009 acd | ||
Seed coating (50 mg/g of seeds) | C—seeds without coating | 1.30 ± 0.26 c | 0.273 ± 0.019 | |
C-H2O-Zn | 2.30 ± 0.40 | 0.264 ± 0.032 | ||
H 10% | 3.15 ± 0.34c | 0.256 ± 0.012 | ||
H 10%-Zn | 2.40 ± 0.08 | 0.291 ± 0.023 |
(a) | |||||||||||
Element | Average Content (mg/kg d.w. ± SD) N = 4 | ||||||||||
Soil Application | Element | Foliar Application | |||||||||
F 50% | F 50%-Zn | C-H2O-Zn | C-H2O | F 50% | F 50%-Zn | C-H2O-Zn | C-H2O | ||||
Microelements | B ** | 28.9 ± 3.5 a | 10.9 ± 1.4 | 8.18 ± 0.31 a | 12.9 ± 2.2 | B ** | 24.0 ± 1.3 a | 13.0 ± 0.5 | 10.1 ± 0.4 a | 12.9 ± 2.2 | |
Cu | 9.67 ± 1.63 | 7.62 ± 1.20 | 7.38 ± 0.66 | 9.14 ± 0.76 | Cu | 9.62 ± 0.61 | 8.19 ± 0.68 | 9.07 ± 2.37 | 9.14 ± 0.76 | ||
Fe * | 109 ± 5.0 cd | 83.7 ± 5.5 ac | 82.4 ± 2.9 bd | 104 ± 3.0 ab | Fe * | 113 ± 8.0 bc | 99.0 ± 3.3 b | 88.5 ± 4.1 ac | 104 ± 3.0 a | ||
Mn ** | 48.7 ± 3.8 a | 24.3 ± 4.2 a | 24.0 ± 2.0 | 42.1 ± 4.3 | Mn * | 46.6 ± 4.7 cd | 27.2 ± 2.9 ac | 25.9 ± 1.3 bd | 42.1 ± 4.3 ab | ||
Zn ** | 223 ± 43 | 14,600 ± 1140 a | 12,000 ± 810 | 141 ± 18 a | Zn * | 291 ± 115 cd | 26,600 ± 2290 ac | 26,400 ± 2030 bd | 141 ± 18 ab | ||
Macroelements | Ca * | 9410 ± 441 cd | 4500 ± 689 ac | 4129 ± 213 bd | 8460 ± 720 ab | Ca * | 9810 ± 566 ade | 5070 ± 395 bd | 4750 ± 258 ce | 8460 ± 720 abc | |
K * | 16,100 ± 1050 ade | 6290 ± 199 bd | 6550 ± 220 ce | 9120 ± 1370 abc | K * | 16,300 ± 1000 ade | 6360 ± 82 bd | 6400 ± 230 ce | 9120 ± 1370 abc | ||
Mg * | 4810 ± 203 ade | 2810 ± 95 bd | 2930 ± 76 ce | 4430 ± 168 abc | Mg * | 5080 ± 93 ade | 3130 ± 90 bd | 3130 ± 48 ce | 4430 ± 168 abc | ||
Na ** | 17,080 ± 4580 a | 849 ± 27 | 610 ± 117 a | 8700 ± 3880 | Na * | 12,700 ± 2450 cd | 1470 ± 87 ac | 1280 ± 130 bd | 8700 ± 3880 ab | ||
P * | 12,900 ± 870 ade | 11,100 ± 383 bd | 11,000 ± 344 ce | 14,300 ± 444 abc | P * | 14,700 ± 331 cd | 11,000 ± 169 ac | 11,000 ± 188 bd | 14,300 ± 444 ab | ||
S ** | 20,700 ± 1 210 | 19,700 ± 297 | 19,000 ± 259 a | 22,500 ± 2550 a | S * | 23,000 ± 927 cd | 27,900 ± 1640 ac | 28,500 ± 819 bd | 22,500 ± 2550 ab | ||
(b) | |||||||||||
Element | Average Content (mg/kg d.w. ± SD) N = 4 | ||||||||||
Seed Coating | Element | Seed Soaking | |||||||||
H 10% | H 10%-Zn | C-H2O-Zn | C—seeds without coating | F 50% | F 50%-Zn | C-H2O-Zn | C-H2O | C—seeds without soaking | |||
Microelements | B * | 11.8 ± 0.4 ab | 7.87 ± 0.40 a | 8.05 ± 0.24 b | 8.98 ± 2.80 | B | 10.8 ± 2.7 | 8.04 ± 0.69 | 7.20 ± 1.49 | 10.8 ± 0.9 | 9.52 ± 0.87 |
Cu | 7.94 ± 1.10 | 7.25 ± 0.77 | 12.2 ± 6.2 | 7.53 ± 0.48 | Cu ** | 7.02 ± 0.34 a | 5.57 ± 0.32 a | 6.84 ± 1.07 | 6.69 ± 0.61 | 6.45 ± 0.37 | |
Fe ** | 103 ± 7 a | 86.6 ± 1.5 | 83.7 ± 6.6 | 81.8 ± 5.2 a | Fe | 101 ± 4.0 | 97.8 ± 14.4 | 95.9 ± 7.8 | 107 ± 6 | 102 ± 3 | |
Mn | 27.3 ± 1.7 | 28.0 ± 3.8 | 27.7 ± 2.7 | 27.5 ± 2.4 | Mn ** | 39.2 ± 9.8 | 26.7 ± 4.7 a | 28.2 ± 6.0 b | 41.8 ± 6.5 ab | 36.1 ± 1.6 | |
Zn ** | 83.5 ± 4.8 | 458 ± 45 | 540 ± 51 a | 70.5 ± 4.5 a | Zn ** | 98.3 ± 17.4 | 3590 ± 797 a | 5040 ± 649 b | 102 ± 18 | 75.8 ± 3.7 ab | |
Macroelements | Ca | 6350 ± 391 | 5980 ± 108 | 6460 ± 263 | 6190 ± 196 | Ca * | 8410 ± 975 ef | 5570 ± 343 ace | 5070 ± 869 bdf | 9020 ± 430 ab | 8290 ± 320 cd |
K | 6590 ± 572 | 6480 ± 358 | 6590 ± 317 | 6750 ± 351 | K | 8540 ± 2004 | 6790 ± 494 | 6820 ± 1380 | 10,400 ± 820 | 10,600 ± 950 | |
Mg | 3350 ± 164 | 3340 ± 64 | 3400 ± 131 | 3300 ± 129 | Mg * | 4570 ± 210 ef | 3480 ± 192 ace | 3610 ± 651 bdf | 4950 ± 220 ab | 4850 ± 200 cd | |
Na * | 1970 ± 190 a | 1630 ± 163 | 1820 ± 163 | 1450 ± 240 a | Na ** | 7720 ± 4050 | 2310 ± 930 | 1110 ± 41 ab | 9850 ± 1244 a | 9570 ± 1780 b | |
P | 11,400 ± 367 | 11,400 ± 291 | 11,300 ± 390 | 11,300 ± 842 | P * | 11,800 ± 496 | 10,600 ± 376 ab | 10,880 ± 1540 | 12,600 ± 520 a | 12,400 ± 600 b | |
S | 17,100 ± 1320 | 17,800 ± 1170 | 18,900 ± 652 | 18,200 ± 761 | S | 16,900 ± 1530 | 15,800 ± 857 | 15,200 ± 2060 | 16,760 ± 950 | 16,600 ± 1130 |
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Michalak, I.; Dmytryk, A.; Schroeder, G.; Chojnacka, K. The Application of Homogenate and Filtrate from Baltic Seaweeds in Seedling Growth Tests. Appl. Sci. 2017, 7, 230. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7030230
Michalak I, Dmytryk A, Schroeder G, Chojnacka K. The Application of Homogenate and Filtrate from Baltic Seaweeds in Seedling Growth Tests. Applied Sciences. 2017; 7(3):230. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7030230
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichalak, Izabela, Agnieszka Dmytryk, Grzegorz Schroeder, and Katarzyna Chojnacka. 2017. "The Application of Homogenate and Filtrate from Baltic Seaweeds in Seedling Growth Tests" Applied Sciences 7, no. 3: 230. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7030230
APA StyleMichalak, I., Dmytryk, A., Schroeder, G., & Chojnacka, K. (2017). The Application of Homogenate and Filtrate from Baltic Seaweeds in Seedling Growth Tests. Applied Sciences, 7(3), 230. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7030230