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Applied Sciences
Volume 15
Issue 22
10.3390/app152211873
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Estimation of the Potential for Green Hydrogen Production from Untapped Renewable Energy Sources in Spain in 2024

by
Juan Pous Cabello
1,2,*,
Maksym Mykhei
3,
Dimitrios Pantelakis
1,2,
Isabel Amez
1,2,
Marcela Taušová
3 and
Peter Tauš
3
1
Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Minas y Energía, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28003 Madrid, Spain
2
TECMINERGY-Laboratorio Oficial J.M. Madariaga (LOM), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), 28906 Getafe, Spain
3
Institute of Earth Resources, Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies, Technical University of Košice (TUKE), 042 00 Kosice, Slovakia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(22), 11873; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152211873
Submission received: 17 September 2025 / Revised: 10 October 2025 / Accepted: 6 November 2025 / Published: 7 November 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Energy Science and Technology)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The increasing integration of renewable energy sources (RES) in Spain is leading to substantial amounts of surplus electricity, presenting a strategic opportunity for green hydrogen production as a key enabler of energy storage and decarbonisation. This study quantifies this untapped potential for 2024. Based on the difference between installed renewable capacity and actual generation, an economically viable surplus of 18,419 GWh was identified within an optimal 10-h operating window. The hydrogen production potential was modelled for three electrolysis technologies—Alkaline (AEL), Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) and Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM)—using total energy consumption values of 57.40, 65.55 and 59.95 MWh/t H2, respectively, including auxiliary systems. The estimated annual hydrogen production ranges from 280,999 t (PEM) to 320,897 t (AEL), with AEM yielding an intermediate value of 307,247 t. The analysis reveals a strong regional concentration, with more than 63% of the potential located in Castile and León, Andalusia, Castile-La Mancha and Extremadura. While this range represents an upper technical limit, it highlights the significant opportunity to valorise surplus renewable energy, contingent on targeted investment and a supportive regulatory framework.
Keywords: green hydrogen; Renewable Energy Sources (RES); energy surplus; water electrolysis; production potential; energy storage green hydrogen; Renewable Energy Sources (RES); energy surplus; water electrolysis; production potential; energy storage

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MDPI and ACS Style

Pous Cabello, J.; Mykhei, M.; Pantelakis, D.; Amez, I.; Taušová, M.; Tauš, P. Estimation of the Potential for Green Hydrogen Production from Untapped Renewable Energy Sources in Spain in 2024. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 11873. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152211873

AMA Style

Pous Cabello J, Mykhei M, Pantelakis D, Amez I, Taušová M, Tauš P. Estimation of the Potential for Green Hydrogen Production from Untapped Renewable Energy Sources in Spain in 2024. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(22):11873. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152211873

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pous Cabello, Juan, Maksym Mykhei, Dimitrios Pantelakis, Isabel Amez, Marcela Taušová, and Peter Tauš. 2025. "Estimation of the Potential for Green Hydrogen Production from Untapped Renewable Energy Sources in Spain in 2024" Applied Sciences 15, no. 22: 11873. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152211873

APA Style

Pous Cabello, J., Mykhei, M., Pantelakis, D., Amez, I., Taušová, M., & Tauš, P. (2025). Estimation of the Potential for Green Hydrogen Production from Untapped Renewable Energy Sources in Spain in 2024. Applied Sciences, 15(22), 11873. https://doi.org/10.3390/app152211873

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