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Article

A Multi-Layer Quantum-Resilient IoT Security Architecture Integrating Uncertainty Reasoning, Relativistic Blockchain, and Decentralised Storage

Department of Computer Science, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(16), 9218; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15169218 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 17 July 2025 / Revised: 13 August 2025 / Accepted: 19 August 2025 / Published: 21 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Computing and Artificial Intelligence)

Abstract

The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) has enabled the implementation of interconnected intelligent systems in extremely dynamic contexts with limited resources. However, traditional paradigms, such as those using ECC-based heuristics and centralised decision-making frameworks, cannot be modernised to ensure resilience, scalability and security while taking quantum threats into account. In this case, we propose a modular architecture that integrates quantum-inspired cryptography (QI), epistemic uncertainty reasoning, the multiscale blockchain MuReQua, and the quantum-inspired decentralised storage engine (DeSSE) with fragmented entropy storage. Each component addresses specific cybersecurity weaknesses of IoT devices: quantum-resistant communication on epistemic agents that facilitate cognitive decision-making under uncertainty, lightweight adaptive consensus provided by MuReQua, and fragmented entropy storage provided by DeSSE. Tested through simulations and use case analyses in industrial, healthcare and automotive networks, the architecture shows exceptional latency, decision accuracy and fault tolerance compared to conventional solutions. Furthermore, its modular nature allows for incremental integration and domain-specific customisation. By adding reasoning, trust and quantum security, it is possible to design intelligent decentralised architectures for resilient IoT ecosystems, thereby strengthening system defences alongside architectures. In turn, this work offers a specific architectural response and a broader perspective on secure decentralised computing, even for the imminent advent of quantum computers.
Keywords: quantum-inspired cryptography; epistemic reasoning; IoT security architecture; blockchain consensus; DeSSE storage; quantum-resilient IoT; decentralised decision-making; modular cybersecurity quantum-inspired cryptography; epistemic reasoning; IoT security architecture; blockchain consensus; DeSSE storage; quantum-resilient IoT; decentralised decision-making; modular cybersecurity

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Iovane, G. A Multi-Layer Quantum-Resilient IoT Security Architecture Integrating Uncertainty Reasoning, Relativistic Blockchain, and Decentralised Storage. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 9218. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15169218

AMA Style

Iovane G. A Multi-Layer Quantum-Resilient IoT Security Architecture Integrating Uncertainty Reasoning, Relativistic Blockchain, and Decentralised Storage. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(16):9218. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15169218

Chicago/Turabian Style

Iovane, Gerardo. 2025. "A Multi-Layer Quantum-Resilient IoT Security Architecture Integrating Uncertainty Reasoning, Relativistic Blockchain, and Decentralised Storage" Applied Sciences 15, no. 16: 9218. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15169218

APA Style

Iovane, G. (2025). A Multi-Layer Quantum-Resilient IoT Security Architecture Integrating Uncertainty Reasoning, Relativistic Blockchain, and Decentralised Storage. Applied Sciences, 15(16), 9218. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15169218

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