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Volume 15
Issue 14
10.3390/app15147995
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Study of Online Testing of Void Defects in AM Components with Grating Laser Ultrasonic Spectrum Method

by
Hengtao Li
1,
Yan Liu
1,
Jinfeng Yang
2,
Qinghua Guo
3,
Zhichao Gan
4 and
Cuixiang Pei
4,*
1
State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Equipment, CNPC Tubular Goods Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
2
PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, Xi’an 710200, China
3
Huanqing Oil Production Plant of Yumen Oilfield, Qingyang 745700, China
4
State Key Laboratory for Strength and Vibration of Mechanical Structures, Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of NDT and Structural Integrity Evaluation, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(14), 7995; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147995
Submission received: 9 June 2025 / Revised: 9 July 2025 / Accepted: 16 July 2025 / Published: 17 July 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Applications of Laser Ultrasonics)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Void defects, manifested as distributed porosity, are common in metal additive manufacturing (AM) and can significantly degrade the mechanical performance and reliability of fabricated components. To enable real-time quality control during fabrication, this study proposes a grating laser ultrasonic method for the online evaluation of porosity in AM parts. Based on the theoretical relationship between surface acoustic wave (SAW) velocity and material porosity, a non-contact detection approach is developed, allowing the direct inference of porosity from the measured SAW velocities without requiring knowledge of the exact source–detector distance. Numerical simulations are conducted to analyze SAW propagation under varying porosity conditions and to validate the inversion model. Experimental measurements on aluminum alloy specimens with different porosity levels further confirm the sensitivity of SAW signals to internal voids. The results show consistent waveform and spectral trends between the simulation and experiment, supporting the feasibility of the proposed method for practical applications. Overall, the findings demonstrate the potential of this approach for the accurate online monitoring of void defects in metal AM components.
Keywords: additive manufacturing; grating laser ultrasonics; online monitoring; porosity evaluation; surface acoustic wave additive manufacturing; grating laser ultrasonics; online monitoring; porosity evaluation; surface acoustic wave

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Li, H.; Liu, Y.; Yang, J.; Guo, Q.; Gan, Z.; Pei, C. Study of Online Testing of Void Defects in AM Components with Grating Laser Ultrasonic Spectrum Method. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 7995. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147995

AMA Style

Li H, Liu Y, Yang J, Guo Q, Gan Z, Pei C. Study of Online Testing of Void Defects in AM Components with Grating Laser Ultrasonic Spectrum Method. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(14):7995. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147995

Chicago/Turabian Style

Li, Hengtao, Yan Liu, Jinfeng Yang, Qinghua Guo, Zhichao Gan, and Cuixiang Pei. 2025. "Study of Online Testing of Void Defects in AM Components with Grating Laser Ultrasonic Spectrum Method" Applied Sciences 15, no. 14: 7995. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147995

APA Style

Li, H., Liu, Y., Yang, J., Guo, Q., Gan, Z., & Pei, C. (2025). Study of Online Testing of Void Defects in AM Components with Grating Laser Ultrasonic Spectrum Method. Applied Sciences, 15(14), 7995. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15147995

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