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Communication

Preparation of PS-MWNT and PETE-MWNT Antistatic Materials via In Situ Polymerization for IC Tray Applications

by
Sangwook Park
1,†,
Taegeon Lee
1,†,
Sang-Tae Kim
1,
Soonhang Lee
2,
Jihoon Lee
2,
Hayoon Lee
1 and
Jongwook Park
1,*
1
Integrated Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Department of IT∙Energy Convergence (BK21 FOUR), Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Republic of Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 5557; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105557
Submission received: 29 March 2025 / Revised: 5 May 2025 / Accepted: 14 May 2025 / Published: 15 May 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanotubes and Nanotechnology: Novel Applications and Future Perspectives)
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Abstract

To develop antistatic materials suitable for semiconductor wafer transportation trays, in situ polymerized polystyrene (PS) and polyester (PETE) materials incorporating multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were synthesized. Their thermal and electrical properties were evaluated under conditions relevant to semiconductor tray manufacturing. Both the PS and PETE materials exhibited improved thermal stability with an increasing MWNT content. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the PS increased from 82 °C (0 wt%) to 86 °C (1.0 wt%) and 91 °C (2.0 wt%), while that of the PETE increased from 83 °C to 84 °C and 90 °C, respectively. Surface resistivity measurements also demonstrated enhanced electrical conductivity. For the PS, resistivity decreased from >1013 Ohm/sq to 8.8 × 103 and 3.7 × 103 Ohm/sq at 1.0 wt% and 2.0 wt% MWNT, respectively. The PETE materials followed a similar trend, with values dropping from >1013 Ohm/sq to 5.9 × 103 and 0.2 × 103 Ohm/sq. These results confirm that MWNT incorporation effectively enhances both thermal and electrical performance, demonstrating the potential of MWNT/PS and MWNT/PETE as antistatic materials for semiconductor applications.

1. Introduction

Electrostatic discharge is considered one of the major challenges to the safe storage and transportation of high-performance components in the semiconductor and electronics industries. In particular, with the recent advancement of technology, the development of polymer-based antistatic tray materials has attracted significant attention in the industry. Exposure to electrostatic discharge during the storage and transportation of semiconductor devices can damage their microstructures, leading to internal defects or reduced electrical performance, ultimately affecting the reliability of the entire system. High-resistance plastic materials are inherently prone to charge accumulation, rendering them vulnerable to electrostatic discharge. This phenomenon has been associated with a range of problems, including operational failures, physical damage, and impaired performance of sensitive electronic devices [1,2]. For instance, plastic-molded products tend to attract airborne dust, which degrades surface quality, and electrostatic discharge may result in malfunctions of measurement equipment, as well as interference with visual and audio systems. To address these issues, the incorporation of antistatic materials possessing adequate electrical conductivity is crucial, enabling the efficient dissipation of the electrostatic charges generated within the material. In response, extensive research has been conducted on the development of new conductive polymers by incorporating conductive materials to impart antistatic properties. Recently, increasing attention has been directed toward the development of antistatic materials based on conductive polymers integrated with CNTs. Following their discovery by Dr. Iijima of NEC Corporation in Japan, CNTs have been the subject of intensive research worldwide [3,4]. CNTs are well known for their exceptional properties, including a mechanical strength approximately 100 times greater than that of steel, electrical conductivity superior to that of copper, and thermal conductivity comparable to that of diamond. In addition, their high aspect ratio provides an extremely large specific surface area [5,6,7]. As a result of these exceptional characteristics, CNTs have attracted significant interest for potential applications in diverse fields, such as electronics, semiconductors, aerospace, and energy industries [8,9,10,11]. CNTs are classified based on their structure into single-walled (SWNT), double-walled (DWNT), and MWNT types [12]. Among these, MWNTs typically exist in the form of aggregates ranging from tens to hundreds of nanometers in size due to van der Waals interactions [13,14,15,16,17,18,19]. In this study, PS and PETE were selected as representative examples of radical and condensation polymerization, respectively, and utilized as polymer matrices. In situ polymers incorporating MWNTs as conductive fillers were synthesized, and their structural, thermal, and electrical properties were systematically investigated. This approach is expected to facilitate the broader application of MWNTs in various polymer systems through in situ polymerization in future studies. In this study, PS was selected as a representative polymer due to its excellent processability, low density, and chemical resistance. Its superior electrical insulating properties have led to its widespread use in numerous industrial applications [20,21,22]. Its ease of free radical initiation and its high compatibility with various additives also provide flexibility in the design of in situ polymers. PETE is a polymer with a high mechanical strength, heat resistance, and chemical stability, making it well suited for industrial applications that require structural integrity and thermal durability [23,24]. In particular, the presence of ester linkages within its molecular structure enhances crystallinity and intermolecular cohesion, which, in turn, contributes to improved thermal stability and weather resistance [25]. A prior study reported that the polymerization of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) with mixed MWNTs yielded a surface resistivity of approximately 104 Ohm/sqΩ/□, which was insufficient for commercial applications [26]. In this study, efforts were focused on achieving enhanced performance by utilizing high-quality MWNTs and identifying optimized polymerization conditions. This study focused on a multi-component system in which MWNTs, a type of CNT, were introduced prior to polymerization into two distinct polymers: PS, based on radical polymerization, and PETE, based on condensation polymerization. Unlike a simple physical blend of polymers and MWNTs, the MWNTs were incorporated into the polymerization process itself, ensuring their direct integration into the polymer chains. The resulting materials were then quantitatively analyzed to evaluate the differences in their electrical and thermal properties. In particular, the use of an in situ polymerization method enabled the direct incorporation of the MWNTs into the polymer matrix, thereby simplifying the synthesis process. This approach maximized both the dispersion of the nanotubes and interfacial bonding, which was further confirmed by FE-SEM and TEM analyses showing a uniformly distributed MWNT structure. Through this approach, the enhancement in electrical conductivity resulting from MWNT incorporation was systematically evaluated. Furthermore, this study simultaneously achieved the synthesis of a novel conductive polymer composite and the development of an antistatic tray material suitable for semiconductor processing, thereby demonstrating originality compared to previously reported studies. A thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and DSC were performed to investigate the thermal behavior of the synthesized MWNT/PS and MWNT/PETE materials as a function of the MWNT weight content. Electrical conductivity was evaluated through surface resistivity measurements to confirm the materials’ suitability as antistatic materials.

2. Experiments

2.1. Materials and Instrumentation

All reagents used in the experiments were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), with a minimum purity of 98%, and they were used without further purification. The MWNTs (JENO TUBE 10B) employed in the experiments were obtained from GyoRin Co., Ltd., Anyang-si, Republic of Korea. The MWNTs used in this study had a diameter of 7–12 nm and a length of 100–200 μm. The bulk density was approximately 0.08 g/cm2, and the specific surface area was around 225 m2/g. The degree of polymerization and the molecular weight distribution of the pure polymers were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using an Agilent 1260 LC system (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The morphology of both the pure polymers and MWNT-coated polymers was examined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) using a LEO SUPRA 55 (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) and a GENESIS 2000 system (EDAX, Mahwah, NJ, USA). Field-emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM) images were obtained using a JEM-2100F (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) operated at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the synthesized compounds was measured by DSC under a nitrogen (N2) atmosphere using a Q-1000 system (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA). A TGA was conducted using a Q5000 IR instrument (TA Instruments, New Castle, DE, USA) to determine the decomposition temperature (Td), defined as the temperature corresponding to a 5% weight loss. The electrical conductivity was assessed by measuring the surface resistivity (in Ohm/sq) using a TREK 152-1 instrument (TREK Inc., Lockport, NY, USA).

2.2. Synthesis

2.2.1. Synthesis of PS (1)

A total of 10 g of liquid styrene and 5 mg of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) were added to a 100 mL two-neck round-bottom flask, followed by the addition of 10 mL of toluene. The mixture was stirred at 120 °C and 750 rpm for 6 h. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was slowly poured into 500 mL of methanol to induce precipitation. The precipitated product was collected by filtration and dried, yielding 3.67 g of PS (Scheme 1).

2.2.2. Synthesis of 1.0–2.0 wt% MWNT/PS Materials (2)

For the synthesis of the MWNT-incorporated PS material, 9.80–9.90 g of liquid styrene and 0.10–0.20 g of solid MWNTs were added to a 100 mL two-neck round-bottom flask, followed by the addition of 10 mL of toluene. The amount of MWNTs was adjusted in proportion to the styrene content as follows: 9.80 g of styrene with 0.20 g MWNTs, 9.82 g with 0.18 g, 9.84 g with 0.16 g, 9.86 g with 0.14 g, 9.88 g with 0.12 g, and 9.90 g with 0.10 g. Subsequently, 5.0 mg of AIBN was introduced, and the mixture was stirred at 120 °C and 750 rpm for 6 h. The resulting solution was slowly poured into 500 mL of methanol to induce precipitation. The precipitated product was then collected by filtration and dried to obtain the MWNT-incorporated PS materials.

2.2.3. Synthesis of PETE (3)

To synthesize PETE, a mixture of 10 g of liquid ethylene glycol, 10 g of solid terephthalic acid, and 0.15 g of para-toluenesulfonic acid was placed in a 100 mL two-neck round-bottom flask equipped with a Dean–Stark apparatus. The reaction was conducted at 210 °C, with stirring at 650 rpm for 12 h. After the reaction, the mixture was slowly poured into 500 mL of methanol to induce precipitation. The precipitated product was then collected by filtration and dried, yielding 7.38 g of PETE.

2.2.4. Synthesis of 1.0–2.0 wt% MWNT/PETE Materials (4)

For the synthesis of MWNT-incorporated PETE, 9.80–9.90 g of liquid ethylene glycol, 9.80–9.90 g of solid terephthalic acid, and 0.10–0.20 g of MWNTs were added to a 100 mL two-neck round-bottom flask, followed by the addition of 0.15 g of para-toluenesulfonic acid. The amounts of MWNTs were adjusted in inverse proportion to the ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid content as follows: 9.80 g of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid with 0.20 g MWNTs, 9.82 g with 0.18 g, 9.84 g with 0.16 g, 9.86 g with 0.14 g, 9.88 g with 0.12 g, and 9.90 g with 0.10 g. The flask was equipped with a Dean–Stark apparatus, and the mixture was stirred at 210 °C and 650 rpm for 12 h. After the reaction, the mixture was slowly poured into 500 mL of methanol to induce precipitation. The resulting solid was then collected by filtration and dried to obtain the MWNT-incorporated PETE materials.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Synthesis and Gel Permeation Chromatography

While the pure PS and PETE appeared colorless, the materials synthesized through in situ polymerization with MWNT/PS and MWNT/PETE exhibited a black coloration, indicating the successful incorporation of the MWNTs. There was no significant difference in the reaction time between the synthesis of the pure PS and PETE and that of the MWNT-incorporated materials. These results indicate that the presence of MWNTs did not interfere with the polymerization kinetics. The comparable reaction times are likely due to the uniform dispersion of the MWNTs within the reaction system at relatively low concentrations (1 wt% and 2 wt%). To evaluate the molecular weights of the PS and PETE, a GPC analysis was conducted (Table 1). The pure PS exhibited an Mn of 6600 g/mol, an Mw of 16,900 g/mol, and a dispersity (D) of 2.56. In the case of the pure PETE, the Mn and Mw values were 2640 g/mol and 4250 g/mol, respectively, with a D of 1.61. This relatively low dispersity suggests that the PETE formed polymer chains with a more uniform molecular weight distribution. This difference can be attributed to the distinct polymerization mechanisms of the two systems. PS is synthesized via a radical initiation process, in which polymer chains with a wide range of molecular weights are rapidly and randomly formed. In contrast, PETE is formed through a gradual step-growth polymerization between monomers, which tends to produce more uniform polymer chain lengths [27,28].

3.2. Morphology

An FE-SEM analysis was conducted to examine the surface morphology of the pure polymers and the CNT-incorporated polymer materials, with the aim of evaluating the uniformity of the CNT dispersion. Figure 1a presents the SEM image of the pure PS, revealing characteristic features of a typical radical polymer, along with the presence of partially porous regions. In the case of the PETE, as shown in Figure 1d, no distinct porous structure was observed, unlike with the PS. Instead, the surface appeared relatively smooth and uniform. The morphologies of the PS and PETE containing 2.0 wt% MWNTs are shown in Figure 1b,c,e,f at 50× and 100× magnifications. The fibrous structure of the MWNTs is clearly visible, and it can be observed that the polymer matrices uniformly cover the MWNT surfaces, indicating that a well-blended polymer structure formed between the two components. The fibrous morphology of the MWNTs can be more distinctly observed in the PS sample than in the PETE sample, indicating a relatively clearer exposure of the nanotube structure within the PS matrix. Additionally, an FE-TEM analysis was performed to observe the morphology of both the pristine polymer and the CNT-incorporated polymer materials. In Figure 2a and c, the morphologies of the pristine PS and PETE are shown, respectively, while Figure 2b,d present the structures of the MWNT/PS and MWNT/PETE composites with a 2.0 wt% MWNT content. In both Figure 2b,d, the shape of the CNTs is clearly visible. In the case of MWNT/PETE, the polymer matrix appears to be more uniformly attached to the MWNT surface than in the case of MWNT/PS. This uniform interaction is expected to contribute to the lower surface resistivity observed in MWNT/PETE.

3.3. Thermal Analysis

To evaluate the thermal stability of the MWNT-incorporated in situ polymers, a TGA was performed under a nitrogen atmosphere at a heating rate of 10 °C/min (Figure 3). With an increase in the MWNT content from 0 wt% to 2 wt%, the Td of the PS increased from 223 °C to 239 °C and 250 °C. A similar trend was observed in the PETE, where the Td values rose from 262 °C to 280 °C and 289 °C, demonstrating the positive effect of MWNT incorporation on thermal stability. This improvement in thermal stability can be attributed to the incorporation of the carbon-based MWNTs within the polymer matrices, which enhanced the thermal resistance of each in situ polymer sample. The DSC results indicated a slight increase in the Tg of both the PS and PETE with an increasing MWNT content. For the PS, Tg increased from 82 °C at 0 wt% MWNT to 90 °C and 91 °C at 1 wt% and 2 wt%, respectively. In the case of the PETE, the Tg values were observed to increase from 83 °C to 88 °C and 91 °C as the MWNT content increased, displaying a trend similar to that of the PS. Additionally, Tm values of 200 °C, 201 °C, and 222 °C were observed for the PETE samples containing 0 wt%, 1 wt%, and 2 wt% MWNTs, respectively. For the DSC measurements, a slow cooling rate of 1 °C/min was applied to promote annealing and enhance the crystallinity of the polymers. This condition was intended to maximize the crystalline regions during the cooling cycle and enable a clear observation of Tm in the second heating cycle. Nevertheless, no Tm was observed for the PS, which can be attributed to its inherently amorphous nature, in contrast to the PETE, which is generally considered a more crystalline polymer. As a result, distinct melting peaks were observed only for the PETE. These Tm values also showed an increasing trend with a higher MWNT content. These results further support the positive influence of the MWNT incorporation on the thermal stability of the polymer materials (Figure 4) [20,29,30,31].

3.4. Electrical Conductivity

Surface resistivity measurements were performed to evaluate the electrical properties of the in situ polymers synthesized with different weight ratios of PS, PETE, and MWNT. As shown in Table 2, both materials exhibited a decrease in surface resistivity with an increasing MWNT content. As shown in Figure 5, both the PS and PETE materials exhibited a gradual and nearly linear decrease in surface resistivity with each 0.2 wt% increment of MWNT added beyond the initial 1.0 wt%. This trend suggests that the increased MWNT content enhanced the electrical conductivity of the materials, leading to the observed decrease in surface resistivity. Based on the FE-SEM and TEM analyses, it could be confirmed that the MWNTs were well dispersed throughout the PS and PETE polymer matrices. This well-dispersed morphology contributed to the observed reduction in surface resistivity when 2.0 wt% MWNTs were incorporated, compared to the pristine PS and PETE samples. Based on the experimental results, the materials can be considered high-performance antistatic materials, exhibiting surface resistivity values approximately two orders of magnitude lower than the commonly accepted threshold of 10⁵ Ohm/sq for effective antistatic behavior [32].

4. Conclusions

This study demonstrated the feasibility of utilizing the electrical conductivity of CNTs through in situ polymerization via both addition and condensation mechanisms. To further validate this approach, MWNT/PS and MWNT/PETE materials with varying MWNT contents were characterized in terms of surface morphology, thermal behavior, and surface resistivity. Through FE-SEM observations, it was confirmed that the MWNTs were uniformly dispersed within the in situ polymer materials, forming a homogeneous structure that was distinctly different from the surface morphology of the pure PS and PETE samples. An enhancement in thermal stability was also observed as the MWNT content increased. According to DSC measurements, the Tg of the PS rose from 82 °C to 86 °C and 91 °C with MWNT addition, while the PETE showed an increase from 83 °C to 84 °C and 90 °C. These results confirm that the incorporation of MWNTs positively influences the thermal stability of the polymers. Regarding electrical conductivity, surface resistivity measurements revealed that increasing the MWNT content led to a gradual decrease in resistivity, confirming that the electrical conductivity of the materials improved with a higher MWNT concentration. PETE is a polar polymer that contains a relatively high proportion of ester groups and benzene rings in a planar chemical structure, which allows for stronger π–π interactions and electrostatic interactions with MWNTs compared to PS. These interactions are believed to provide a relatively strong interfacial property to the surface of MWNTs, thereby enabling the formation of more stable charge transport pathways [23,25]. This interfacial bonding can also be observed in the TEM images, and it may be indirectly supported by the higher thermal Td values of the PETE compared to the PS, as indicated by the TGA data. These differences suggest that PETE provides a more thermally and physically favorable environment for the uniform dispersion of MWNTs, which may account for the lower surface resistivity and higher electrical conductivity observed in MWNT/PETE compared to in MWNT/PS. Furthermore, the measured surface resistivity values were below the typical antistatic threshold of 105 Ohm/sq, demonstrating that the materials possess superior antistatic performance. Based on the results of this study, it is anticipated that conductive polymers containing carbon nanotubes can be further extended not only to radical polymer systems but also to various condensation-based polymers. This strategy offers promising potential for widespread use in antistatic materials beyond semiconductor tray applications.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.P. and J.P.; methodology, S.P.; validation, S.-T.K., S.L., J.L., H.L. and J.P.; investigation, S.P., T.L., S.L. and J.L.; resources, S.-T.K. and J.P.; writing—original draft preparation, S.P., T.L. and J.P.; writing—review and editing, S.P., H.L. and J.P.; visualization, S.P., T.L. and J.L.; supervision, J.P.; project administration, J.P.; funding acquisition, J.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (RS-2020-NR049601). This work was supported by the Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT) and the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE) of the Republic of Korea (No. P0017363). This work was supported by the Technology Innovation Program (20017832, Development of TiN-based electrode materials and ALD equipment for 10-nm DRAM capacitor electrode deposition process) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE, Republic of Korea). This work was partly supported by the GRRC program of Gyeonggi province [(GRRCKYUNGHEE2023-B03), Flexible/stretchable semiconductor processes and device/packaging technologies based on organic-inorganic hybrid materials].

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in this study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Applsci 15 05557 sch001
Scheme 1. Synthesis schemes of MWNT/PS and MWNT/PETE via in situ polymerization.
Scheme 1. Synthesis schemes of MWNT/PS and MWNT/PETE via in situ polymerization.
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Figure 1. FE-SEM images of samples: (a) PS at 50× magnification, (b) 2.0 wt% MWNT/PS at 50×, (c) 2.0 wt% MWNT/PS at 100×, (d) PETE at 50×, (e) 2.0 wt% MWNT/PETE at 50×, (f) 2.0 wt% MWNT PETE at 100×.
Figure 1. FE-SEM images of samples: (a) PS at 50× magnification, (b) 2.0 wt% MWNT/PS at 50×, (c) 2.0 wt% MWNT/PS at 100×, (d) PETE at 50×, (e) 2.0 wt% MWNT/PETE at 50×, (f) 2.0 wt% MWNT PETE at 100×.
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Figure 2. FE-TEM images of samples: (a) PS at 50,000× magnification, (b) 2.0 wt% MWNT/PS at 50,000×, (c) PETE at 50,000×, (d) 2.0 wt% MWNT/PETE at 50,000×.
Figure 2. FE-TEM images of samples: (a) PS at 50,000× magnification, (b) 2.0 wt% MWNT/PS at 50,000×, (c) PETE at 50,000×, (d) 2.0 wt% MWNT/PETE at 50,000×.
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Figure 3. TGA results of materials. (a) PS, MWNT/PS, (b) PETE, MWNT/PETE.
Figure 3. TGA results of materials. (a) PS, MWNT/PS, (b) PETE, MWNT/PETE.
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Figure 4. DSC results of materials. (a) PS, (b) 1.0 wt% PS, (c) 2.0 wt% PS, (d) PETE, (e) 1.0 wt% PETE, (f) 2.0 wt% PETE. (inset: expansion of the Tg region).
Figure 4. DSC results of materials. (a) PS, (b) 1.0 wt% PS, (c) 2.0 wt% PS, (d) PETE, (e) 1.0 wt% PETE, (f) 2.0 wt% PETE. (inset: expansion of the Tg region).
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Figure 5. Surface resistivity of different MWNT/PS and MWNT/PETE materials.
Figure 5. Surface resistivity of different MWNT/PS and MWNT/PETE materials.
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Table 1. GPC data of synthesized PS and PETE.
Table 1. GPC data of synthesized PS and PETE.
PSPETE
Mn (g/mol)66002640
Mw (g/mol)16,9004250
D2.561.61
Table 2. Surface resistivity of different MWNT/PS, MWNT/PETE materials.
Table 2. Surface resistivity of different MWNT/PS, MWNT/PETE materials.
SampleSurface Resistivity
(Ohm/sq)		 SampleSurface Resistivity
(Ohm/sq)
1MWNT only8.12 × 1021MWNT only8.12 × 102
2PS only>10132PETE only>1013
3(1.0 wt%) MWNT + PS8.8 × 1033(1.0 wt%) MWNT + PETE5.9 × 103
4(1.2 wt%) MWNT + PS7.6 × 1034(1.2 wt%) MWNT + PETE4.3 × 103
5(1.4 wt%) MWNT + PS6.9 × 1035(1.4 wt%) MWNT + PETE2.7 × 103
6(1.6 wt%) MWNT + PS6.1 × 1036(1.6 wt%) MWNT + PETE1.3 × 103
7(1.8 wt%) MWNT + PS5.2 × 1037(1.8 wt%) MWNT + PETE0.7 × 103
8(2.0 wt%) MWNT + PS3.7 × 1038(2.0 wt%) MWNT + PETE0.2 × 103
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MDPI and ACS Style

Park, S.; Lee, T.; Kim, S.-T.; Lee, S.; Lee, J.; Lee, H.; Park, J. Preparation of PS-MWNT and PETE-MWNT Antistatic Materials via In Situ Polymerization for IC Tray Applications. Appl. Sci. 2025, 15, 5557. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105557

AMA Style

Park S, Lee T, Kim S-T, Lee S, Lee J, Lee H, Park J. Preparation of PS-MWNT and PETE-MWNT Antistatic Materials via In Situ Polymerization for IC Tray Applications. Applied Sciences. 2025; 15(10):5557. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105557

Chicago/Turabian Style

Park, Sangwook, Taegeon Lee, Sang-Tae Kim, Soonhang Lee, Jihoon Lee, Hayoon Lee, and Jongwook Park. 2025. "Preparation of PS-MWNT and PETE-MWNT Antistatic Materials via In Situ Polymerization for IC Tray Applications" Applied Sciences 15, no. 10: 5557. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105557

APA Style

Park, S., Lee, T., Kim, S.-T., Lee, S., Lee, J., Lee, H., & Park, J. (2025). Preparation of PS-MWNT and PETE-MWNT Antistatic Materials via In Situ Polymerization for IC Tray Applications. Applied Sciences, 15(10), 5557. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105557

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