Evolution Law and Grouting Treatment of Water Inrush in Hydraulic Tunnel Approaching Water-Rich Fault: A Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Tunnel Description and Geological Conditions
3. DEM-Based Analysis of the Catastrophic Process of Water Inrush at the Face of the Tunnel Adjacent to the Water-Rich Fault
3.1. DEM-Based Numerical Simulation
3.2. Establishment of the DEM-Based Computational Model
3.3. Catastrophic Law of Water Inrush of the Water-Resistant Rock Mass at the Tunnel Face Induced by Water-Rich Fault
3.3.1. Change Rule of Displacement Field
3.3.2. Change Rule of Seepage Pressure Field
4. Prevention and Control Measures for Water Inrush at the Face of the Tunnel Adjacent to the Water-Rich Fault and Its Effectiveness
4.1. Prevention and Control Measures of Water Inrush in the 2# Adit of Xianglushan Tunnel
4.2. Grouting Scheme for 2# Adit of Xianglushan Tunnel
4.3. Effectiveness Analysis of Grouting Treatment
5. Discussion
5.1. The Spatial Effect of the Tunnel Approaching Water-Rich Fault
5.2. Disposal Measures for the Tunnel Approaching the Water-Rich Fault
5.2.1. Advanced Geological Prediction and Detection
5.2.2. Advance Support
5.2.3. Advance Pressure Relief
5.2.4. Advanced Grouting
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- As the tunnel face approached the water-rich fault fracture zone, the displacement at each monitoring point in the water-resistant rock mass increased continuously. The closer the tunnel was to the fault, the greater the increase rate of the displacement was at each monitoring point in the water-resistant rock mass. When the tunnel was excavated to the position 5 m from the fault, a sudden displacement of the center of the face was observed. The water-resistant rock mass ahead of the face was damaged, and the tunnel was subjected to a water inrush disaster. The recommended safety thickness of the water-resistant rock mass was 5–6 m.
- (2)
- When the tunnel face was far away from the fault, the water-resistant rock mass at the face was less affected by the water pressure, and it was in a relatively stable state. As the tunnel face approached the fault, water seepage from the fault occurred, and the water entered the water-resistant rock mass through the fissures. Since the face was jointly affected by excavation disturbance and fissure water pressure, the water pressure encountered a slow decline trend with the excavation of the face.
- (3)
- The middle bench of the 2# adit of Xianglushan tunnel was first excavated and supported to the face, and a grouting wall was applied to the face. The range of the grouting reinforcement circle was 6 m outside the excavation profile, and the length of cyclic grouting was 30 m. The length of cyclic excavation was 25 m, and a 5 m long grouting rock disc was retained in each cycle. Grouting slurry was cement slurry with a water–cement mass ratio (W/C ratio) of 0.5–1:1.
- (4)
- The evaluation of the grouting effect by means of drilling acoustic wave, drilling TV, and radar detection confirmed that the grouting treatment scheme had an excellent reinforcement effect on the rock mass. The deformation modulus of the rock mass after grouting was increased by 37–53%. The rock mass possessed a better elastic deformation capacity to external loads, which slowed down the deformation process of the rock mass. The shear strength parameters (cohesion c and friction coefficient tanφ) were increased by 10–14%, which enhanced the overall adhesion and improved the shear and sliding resistance of the rock mass.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Volumetric Weight γ (kN/m³) | Bulk Modulus K (GPa) | Shear Modulus G (GPa) | Poisson’s Ratio ν | Cohesion c | Internal Friction Angle φ (°) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rock mass | 2000 | 1.44 | 19.4 | 0.25 | 0.35 | 28.6 |
Fault fracture zone | 1800 | 0.48 | 6.4 | 0.25 | 0.12 | 28.6 |
Normal Stiffness kn (GPa) | Shear Stiffness ks (GPa) | Internal Friction Angle φ (°) | Cohesive Force (MPa) | Tensile Strength σb (MPa) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Joint | 18.6 | 6.2 | 30 | 0.5 | 0.45 |
Number | Segment Position/m | Segment Length/m | Permeability Rate/Lu | Reduction Rate | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before grouting | CGJ10-32 | 1.1~3.1 | 2.0 | 3.07 | 23.14% |
CGJ11-32 | 1.0~3.0 | 2.0 | 3.93 | ||
After grouting | Inspection hole | 1.3~3.3 | 2.0 | 2.69 | |
Before grouting | CGJ11-32 | 6.0~11.0 | 5.0 | 4.72 | 48.31% |
After grouting | Inspection hole | 6.3~10.0 | 3.7 | 2.44 |
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Gu, J.; Guo, J.; Chen, F.; Li, J. Evolution Law and Grouting Treatment of Water Inrush in Hydraulic Tunnel Approaching Water-Rich Fault: A Case Study. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 3407. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14083407
Gu J, Guo J, Chen F, Li J. Evolution Law and Grouting Treatment of Water Inrush in Hydraulic Tunnel Approaching Water-Rich Fault: A Case Study. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(8):3407. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14083407
Chicago/Turabian StyleGu, Jiheng, Jiaqi Guo, Fan Chen, and Jianhe Li. 2024. "Evolution Law and Grouting Treatment of Water Inrush in Hydraulic Tunnel Approaching Water-Rich Fault: A Case Study" Applied Sciences 14, no. 8: 3407. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14083407
APA StyleGu, J., Guo, J., Chen, F., & Li, J. (2024). Evolution Law and Grouting Treatment of Water Inrush in Hydraulic Tunnel Approaching Water-Rich Fault: A Case Study. Applied Sciences, 14(8), 3407. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14083407