Comparative Study on Hot Metal Flow Behaviour of Virgin and Rejuvenated Heat Treatment Creep Exhausted P91 Steel
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Flow Stress–Strain Curves
3.2. Constitutive Equation and Material Constants
3.3. Activation Energy and Stress Exponent
3.4. Constitutive Model of Flow Stresses
3.5. Verification of Constitutive Models
3.6. Comparison of Constitutive Equations
4. Conclusions
- The flow stress–strain curves show that the flow stress increased with an increase in strain rate (0.01 s−1 to 10 s−1) and decreased with an increase in temperature (900 °C to 1050 °C) for the two steels. The flow stress–strain curves exhibited a DRV+WH as the deformation mechanism.
- The apparent activation energy of steel A was 473.08 kJ/mol, and for steel B it was 564.48 kJ/mol. These Q-values were much higher compared to the self-diffusion energy of iron in austenite (270 kJmol−1)
- The mathematical constitutive models for steel A and steel B to a total strain of 0.6 are as given in Equations (22) and (23).
- The constitutive models were validated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, R and the average absolute relative error, AARE. For steel A, R was 0.97, and AARE was 7.62%. For Steel B, R was 0.98, and AARE was 6.54%. The developed models were used interchangeably with acceptable accuracy. Using the model for steel A on steel B, R was 0.96, and AARE was 7.19%. Similarly, using the steel B model on steel A, the R was 0.95, and AARE was 8.36%.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cr | C | Mn | Mo | V | Nb | W | Ni | Si | Fe | P | Cu | Mg | Sn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9.189 | 0.1 | 0.447 | 0.885 | 0.191 | 0.076 | ˂0.01 | 0.158 | 0.254 | 88.01 | 0.02 | 0.086 | 0.016 | 0.006 |
P91 | ή | β | η | ɑ | S | Q (kJmol−1) | ln A |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Steel A | 7.79 | 0.054 | 5.76 | 0.0069 | 9.89 | 473.08 | 9.98 × 1018 |
Steel B | 9.03 | 0.058 | 6.67 | 0.0065 | 10.18 | 564.48 | 9.58 × 1022 |
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Maube, S.; Obiko, J.; Van der Merwe, J.; Mwema, F.; Klenam, D.; Bodunrin, M. Comparative Study on Hot Metal Flow Behaviour of Virgin and Rejuvenated Heat Treatment Creep Exhausted P91 Steel. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 4449. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13074449
Maube S, Obiko J, Van der Merwe J, Mwema F, Klenam D, Bodunrin M. Comparative Study on Hot Metal Flow Behaviour of Virgin and Rejuvenated Heat Treatment Creep Exhausted P91 Steel. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(7):4449. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13074449
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaube, Shem, Japheth Obiko, Josias Van der Merwe, Fredrick Mwema, Desmond Klenam, and Michael Bodunrin. 2023. "Comparative Study on Hot Metal Flow Behaviour of Virgin and Rejuvenated Heat Treatment Creep Exhausted P91 Steel" Applied Sciences 13, no. 7: 4449. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13074449