This section presents the heart rate variability metrics, for each domain, considered in the analysis. Then, the MSPC-PCA analysis was conducted for both heart rate variability and accelerometer information. Finally, it is discribed the out-of-control points analysis.
4.2. MSPC-PCA Analysis
In order to identify the out-of-control points for both heart rate variability and accelerometer information, the MSPC-PCA was applied. The first step was to determine the time, frequency, nonlinear domain, and accelerometer principal component scores. Then, the Hotelling , SPE statistics, and the upper limit control were assessed, considering the 95% confidence level, for each principal component. This analysis was conducted for all the participants, and since there are many graphs to display, for a better understanding of the proposed methodology, in this subsection, the analysis will only focus on participant 15.
Figure 5 presents the achieved out-of-control points for the time, frequency, and nonlinear principal components of the SPE (first line) and Hotelling
(second line) statistics. With this visualization, the time and nonlinear domain components had one and two out-of-control points for the SPE and Hotelling
, respectively. The frequency domain component had only one out-of-control point for both statistics. Therefore, the heart rate variability at the time periods 1, 6, 7, 26, and 31 is out-of-control. Since the heart rate variability metrics were computed every two minutes, instant 1 represents the 2nd to 4th minutes of simulation. The instant 6 is the 12th to 14th minute and so on.
The same analysis was conducted for the accelerometer information,
Figure 6, where it is noticeable that there are two out-of-control points in both statistics. Therefore, the time periods 0, 1, 20, and 37 are out-of-control considering the X, Y, and Z values of the accelerometer.
Overall, with the application of the MSPC-PCA methodology on the heart rate variability and accelerometer information, it was possible to identify 5 and 4 out-of-control points, respectively, where only one point is common for both data. Thus, it is important to understand what the out-of-control values represent and whether noise in the signal affects the points found in the heart rate variability or not.
The points achieved as out of control considering the heart rate variability and accelerometer, with the MSPC-PCA methodology, need to be carefully analyzed. This approach was evaluated for all participants; however, only the results for two participants (15 and 21) with different experiences will be presented (
Figure 7). In the first line, the drowsiness periods reached using the MSPC-PCA, for the heart rate variability, are visible where the value 1 represents the out-of-control point, over the simulation time, in minutes. The out-of-control points using the accelerometer information were also added. In the second line, the drowsiness levels from Wierwille and Ellsworth’s drowsiness scale [
16] are plotted over the simulation time.
It is noticeable that participant 21 has more transitions and reached higher levels of drowsiness than participant 15. Consequently, it also has more out-of-control points using the heart rate variability since, in the drowsiness periods, the value 1 was reached more often, which would be expected. In terms of the accelerometer, the first point, in both cases, is out of control, and it represents the first two minutes using the wearable device. During that time, the participants are adjusting the positioning of the device. It is also visualized that, for participant 15, there is one out-of-control point in common using the heart rate variability and accelerometer. Since this point happened before the recording of the participant’s face, it is not possible to check if there is a transition change and greater movement of the participant’s arm. This happened with other participants and the drowsiness transition is not affected by noise due to large movements.
Another aspect to take into account is that, for participant 15, any out-of-control point does not represent a drowsiness transition, considering the present drowsiness classification. This is contrary to participant 21 in which some transitions are, actually, being detected. For a better understanding of what is happening, what conclusions can be drawn, and what improvements can be implemented, it is necessary to evaluate the number of drowsiness levels transitions, the number of out-of-control points reached using the heart rate variability and accelerometer, and the number of out-of-control points in common (see
Figure 8).
Globally, considering all the information from all the participants, there are 2 to 18 drowsiness transitions, where 7, 8, and 10 are the most common. However, there are 2 to 12 and 0 to 7 out-of-control points, using the multivariate statistical process control for the heart rate variability and accelerometer, respectively. The most common for the heart rate variability was between 6 to 9 points of control, whereas for the accelerometer, it was 2 to 4. When the number of out-of-control points reached in both sets of data are compared (in other words, the heart variability and accelerometer at the same time), there are 39.62% with 1 point in common, 11.32% with 2 points, and 7.55% with 3 or 4 points. This means that 41.51% does not have any point in common. The next step was to evaluate the presence of a transition in which the points are out of control due to both heart rate variability and accelerometer. Therefore, considering the results achieved, only 14.29% of the common out-of-control points actually have a drowsiness transition.
With this analysis, it is clear that improvements need to be made. Hence, the suggestion is to identify the out-of-control points for heart rate variability and compare them with the video in case of a transition; otherwise, check if it is possible to anticipate or delay a defined transition.
Figure 9 presents the new drowsiness classification, for both participants 15 and 21, with the respective rectification. The blue line represents the first drowsiness classification, and the orange line is the improved classification using the methodology presented. For participant 15, the first three out-of-control points occurred before the video recording. In the last two points, it was possible to identify a drowsiness transition, and for that reason, the drowsiness classification was modified. When it comes to participant 21, only the first out-of-control point occurred before the video recording, and at the remaining points, there was also a transition from drowsiness.
To evaluate the proposed method’s performance, the precision and recall metrics were computed. Contextually, it is intended to check the ability of the out-of-control points to actually represent a drowsiness transition, which is known as precision. On the other hand, it is also intended to verify the ability to detect real drowsiness transitions, which represents the recall metric. So, precision and recall can be expressed as Equations (
9) and (
10), respectively.
The results achieved are presented in
Table 5. For the first drowsiness classification, the precision and recall values were equal to
and
, respectively. However, with the improved classification, precision was equal to
and recall to
. It is perceptible that using the proposed methodology it was possible to improve the drowsiness classification and achieve better results.