A Numerical Simulation of the Underwater Supersonic Gas Jet Evolution and Its Induced Noise
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Numerical Methods
2.1. Mathematical Method
2.2. Numerical Scheme
2.3. Initial and Boundary Conditions
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Verification with the Experimental Results
3.2. The Development of Underwater Supersonic Jets
3.3. Noise Radiation Characteristics
4. Conclusions
- During the initial stage of an underwater jet, the supersonic jet forms a continuously expanding gas bubble enveloped in water, and high-frequency noise is generated by the interaction of the shockwaves formed by the supersonic jet. As the jet reaches its maximum length, the impact force gradually weakens, and the gas bubble ruptures and transforms into a conical jet. Consequently, the high-frequency noise transitions into low-frequency noise.
- When the gas bubble detaches from the nozzle, jet necking occurs at the nozzle outlet, leading to intense jet instability and severe pressure fluctuations. The closer the jet is to full expansion, the more severe the disturbance the jet is subjected to.
- After the jet transforms into a conical jet, the pressure fluctuations along the centerline of the jet exhibit three peaks. The first two peaks within the core area of the jet correspond to shock interaction in a supersonic jet, which is amplified by the two-phase interaction. The third peak corresponds to the streamwise location where the local Mach number approaches unity, indicating that the jet is most unstable at the sonic point.
- In cases with equal water depth, the overall trend of the sound pressure and sound pressure level spectrum of the under-expanded and fully expanded jets remains consistent. In particular, the low-frequency noise in both cases is almost identical. However, the high-frequency noise (above 400 Hz) in the under-expanded jet is greater than in the fully expanded jet. Thus, the OASPL of the under-expanded jet is also larger.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Dt | Throat diameter of the nozzle | H | Water depth |
D* | Throat diameter of the nozzle in the experiment | pb | Outlet pressure |
γ | Heat ratio | p0/pb | Nozzle pressure ratio (NPR) |
Md | Design Mach number | θ | Angle with jet direction |
Ae/At | Expansion ratio | SPL | Sound pressure level |
p0 | Total pressure at the nozzle inlet | OASPL | Overall sound pressure level |
T0 | Total temperature at the nozzle inlet |
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Total Pressure at Nozzle Inlet p0 (MPa) | Total Temperature at Nozzle Inlet T0 (K) | Water Depth H (m) | NPR p0/pb | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Under-expansion condition | 15 | 2300 | 20 | 50.45 |
Full expansion condition | 10 | 2300 | 20 | 33.63 |
OASPL | Measuring Point A | Measuring Point B | Measuring Point C |
---|---|---|---|
Experimental results | 190 | 189 | 184 |
Simulation results of the present work | 195.3 | 195.9 | 193.3 |
Relative error | +2.8% | +3.7% | +5.1% |
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Yu, W.; Wang, B.; Zhang, C. A Numerical Simulation of the Underwater Supersonic Gas Jet Evolution and Its Induced Noise. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 8336. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148336
Yu W, Wang B, Zhang C. A Numerical Simulation of the Underwater Supersonic Gas Jet Evolution and Its Induced Noise. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(14):8336. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148336
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Wei, Baoshou Wang, and Chun Zhang. 2023. "A Numerical Simulation of the Underwater Supersonic Gas Jet Evolution and Its Induced Noise" Applied Sciences 13, no. 14: 8336. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148336
APA StyleYu, W., Wang, B., & Zhang, C. (2023). A Numerical Simulation of the Underwater Supersonic Gas Jet Evolution and Its Induced Noise. Applied Sciences, 13(14), 8336. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148336