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Article

Effect of a Taekwondo Academy’s Technology-Based Self-Service on Perceived Value and Intention to Use Continuously in the Interaction between Humans and Technology

by
Dong-Kyu Kim
1,
Na-Hye Kim
2,
Chae-Yun Oh
3,
Jusun Jang
4,
Hosung Nho
5 and
Sung-Un Park
6,*
1
Department of Sports Science, Chungwoon University, 25 Daehak-gil, Hongseong-eup, Hongseong-gun 32224, Republic of Korea
2
Department of Taekwondo, Kyunghee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea
3
Department of Coaching, Kyunghee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea
4
Department of Sports Science, Hanyang University, 55 Hanyangdeahak-ro, Sangnok-gu, Ansan-si 15588, Republic of Korea
5
Department of Liberal Arts and Science, Suwon Women’s University, 72 Onjeong-ro, Gwonseon-gu, Suwon-si 16632, Republic of Korea
6
Department of Sports and Health, Hwasung Medi-Science University, 400-5 Namyangjungang-ro, Namyang-eup, Hwaseong-si 18274, Republic of Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(23), 12420; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312420
Submission received: 28 October 2022 / Revised: 30 November 2022 / Accepted: 2 December 2022 / Published: 5 December 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnology and Sports Engineering II)
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
As the competition among businesses intensifies and customer needs become increasingly diverse and complex, the need for personalized service has emerged. This study examines the effect of technology-based self-service (TBSS) characteristics of a Taekwondo academy on perceived value and intention to use continuously. The study sample consisted of masters managing a Taekwondo academy who had prior experience with TBSS. A total of 188 responses were collected using an online questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 23.0. The results demonstrated the following: first, among the sub-factors of TBSS characteristics, reliability, usefulness, and enjoyment were found to affect the perceived value positively; second, among the sub-factors of TBSS characteristics, usefulness and ease of use positively affected the intention to use continuously; and finally, the perceived value was found to affect the intention to use continuously positively. This study provides practical implications for more efficient use of the TBSS provided by a Taekwondo academy by discovering the relationship between the TBSS configuration of the Taekwondo academy, perceived value, and intention to use continuously.

1. Introduction

The proliferation of a non-face-to-face culture as a result of COVID-19 is increasing the popularity of digital-based services across industries. These changes are transforming the existing method of using human services as a medium for customers to receive services in a technology-oriented environment where they are directly or self-processed and supported. Technology-based self-service (TBSS) is becoming more popular, particularly in Korea, where kiosks and delivery applications are being developed [1].
TBSS refers to “all technological access means that enable customers to produce and use services instead of interacting with service enterprise employees and customers” [2]. In other words, TBSS is the overall activity or benefit that enables customers to perform services by themselves using the technology provided by the service provider [3]. TBSS enables quick and convenient services without time or place restrictions [2] and can enhance business competitiveness by increasing productivity, saving labor costs, and reducing savings and operating costs. In addition, active participation in TBSS can lead to a friendly relationship with a company [4]. According to Fortune Business Insights, a global market research firm, the size of the global kiosk market is estimated to be about $20.3 billion (23 trillion won) in 2020 and is predicted to grow to $51 billion (58 trillion won) by 2028 [5].
TBSS is changing the way customers interact with businesses and employees and offers endless possibilities for redesigning services [6]. As the competition among businesses intensifies and customer needs become increasingly diverse and complex, the need for personalized service has emerged [7]. With the growing range of services in which machines are replacing employees [2,8], TBSS is also being applied in sports. Many children practice Taekwondo in Korea [9], with approximately 9654 operational Taekwondo academies in the country [10]. Moreover, in Korea, where this research was conducted, Taekwondo masters serve as administrators who operate and manage Taekwondo academies and as educators who teach Taekwondo [11]. Specifically, the title Taekwondo master is given to a person possessing an official 4-dan certificate issued by Kukkiwon, who has a Taekwondo master instructor license of level 3 or higher [12]. Taekwondo academies have now become a part of the sports industry as well as a place where children are taught.
In general, for-profit groups, such as Taekwondo academies, use TBSS to gain a competitive advantage and reduce costs. In other words, understanding the intention or attitude of customers (i.e., Taekwondo academies) toward new technologies, such as the TBSS, is expected to provide significant theoretical implications to service companies in the future in providing services via TBSS. In addition, through this study, it will be possible to contribute to the improvement of time and work efficiency of Taekwondo masters who are simultaneously performing Taekwondo teaching and operation at Taekwondo academies. These advantages may have practical implications for increasing the effectiveness of TBSS in companies that provide TBSS. Therefore, the TBSS provided by the current academies is a different service concept from the past, when the focus was only on teaching Taekwondo. Examining the effect of TBSS characteristics of Taekwondo academies on perceived value and intention to use continuously can have a positive impact on the management and development of Taekwondo academies as a point of convergence for humans and technology. Therefore, in this study, enjoyment, usefulness, ease of use, and reliability were set as key attributes of TBSS. This study aimed to examine the effect of the TBSS characteristics of a Taekwondo academy on perceived value and intention to use continuously.

2. Literature Review

According to Meuter et al. [2], TBSS includes telephone/interactive response, online/internet, and interactive kiosk, depending on the interface. Taekwondo academies use TBSS, such as social media and online applications, to connect masters, children, and their parents together [13]. In addition, various other services are provided via the TBSS, such as sending text messages when children enter the Taekwondo academy to obtain parents’ trust and confidence. Furthermore, several studies have found that social media or service characteristics of Taekwondo academies influence training satisfaction and intention to continue [14,15].
Dabholkar [16], Dabholkar and Bagozzi [17], and Curran and Meuter [18] have emphasized that ease is a significant factor in self-service technology. Lin and Hsieh [8] suggested the following attributes of self-service technology: functionality, enjoyment, safety/privacy, confidence, design, convenience, and customization [8]. Kang and Nam [19] proposed seven service quality items—functionality, enjoyment, security, confidence, design, convenience, and customization service—based on the attributes outlined by Lin and Hsieh [8]. However, Globerson and Maggard [20] argued that it is crucial to identify who is attracted to TBSS operations and design them to meet consumer demands because the attractiveness of TBSS varies.
The most important reason why consumers use TBSS is to judge its economic or utility value and predict its usefulness [2]. Parasuraman [21] stated that the customer’s experience value, such as the consumer’s time, effort, and emotional energy, is determined according to the level of human and technical performance of the company. Perceived value is what one recognizes when the benefits outweigh the costs [22]. The perceived value of TBSS does not imply usability based on whether or not the technology is accepted, but it can measure the experience by encompassing overall emotions [23]. Therefore, when interacting with the technology, the user-perceived value of the TBSS characteristics is important [24]. In addition, perceived value is a broad concept formed by individual beliefs and attitudes [25]. Consumers may perceive the same product or service differently depending on their individual situation or subjective evaluation [26]. Therefore, a user’s perceived value may vary depending on the characteristics of TBSS.
Furthermore, because interactions with technology are repeated in the TBSS service environment, the characteristics of TBSS can be estimated to significantly affect users’ intention to continue using it. This interaction is an important variable in understanding customer behavioral intentions [27] and has played an important role in increasing customer loyalty [28]. Notably, according to Lee [29] and Meuter et al. [30], service characteristics such as usefulness, ease of use, and time of the technology base themselves induce motivation to use TBSS and influence mature use. Furthermore, Kuo [31] and Jeong [32] found that quality and perceived value significantly impact mobile service intention.
In order to validate the influence relationship, the following hypotheses were established in this study based on this theoretical relationship.
Hypothesis 1 (H1).
TBSS characteristics (enjoyment, usefulness, ease of use, reliability) have a significant positive influence on perceived value.
Hypothesis 2 (H2).
TBSS characteristics (enjoyment, usefulness, ease of use, reliability) have a significant positive influence on the intention to use continuously.
Hypothesis 3 (H3).
Perceived value has a significant positive influence on the intention to use continuously.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Data Collection

To achieve the study objective, Taekwondo masters who had prior experience with TBSS by paying a fee to the service provider were chosen as the study sample. Data were collected from August to September 2022; an online questionnaire was distributed to masters managing Taekwondo academies in Korea. They were selected using convenience sampling. The online survey was completed using the Naver form, and the link was shared in social media groups, such as Kakao Talk, where the Taekwondo masters were active.
The number of participants necessary for the study was calculated using the G*Power software (ver. 3.1.9.7; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany) with the following settings: alpha = 0.05; power = 0.9; and effect size = 0.15. Consequently, the required sample size for this study was 130. G*Power software calculates the number of samples and has been validated in numerous studies [33]. The online survey included a description of the survey and a request for participation. The system was set up to respond to the survey after ensuring agreement to the items set prior to the survey questions. To provide an understanding, the opening screen of the online questionnaire displayed a picture of TBSS mainly used in Taekwondo academies (e.g., “Taekwon-friends;” Minsface Corp, Seoul, Republic of Korea, “Edu-family;” Edu-family Corp, Yongin, Republic of Korea, ‘Make-edu’; Make-edu Corp, Seoul, Republic of Korea, “Kizguard;” Sejong Telecom Corp, Seoul, Republic of Korea, “Care-I;” Care-I Corp, Seoul, Republic of Korea). In addition, because respondents’ responses may be biased if items to measure one construct are presented in order, the online questionnaire was designed to randomly present all items.
A total of 189 people responded, and 188 questionnaires (99%) were used for the final analysis, excluding the data of the respondent whose responses were unclear. The respondents included 163 men (86.7%) and 25 women (13.3%). The largest age group was 40 s (n = 66; 35.1%). The program usage period was found to be the highest in less than one year. Table 1 presents the descriptive statistics of the participants.

3.2. Measures

An online questionnaire was used as the research tool in this study, and 27 items, except the 3 items (gender, age groups, and program usage period) of demographic characteristics, were measured on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = not at all, 5 = strongly agree). First, based on the items used in the study of Seiders, Voss, Godfrey, and Grewal [34], 12 items of TBSS characteristics (enjoyment, usefulness, ease of use, reliability) were constructed. Second, perceived value comprised nine items based on Sweeney, Soutar, and Johnson [35] and Sweeney and Soutar [36]. Third, the intention to use continuously comprised three items based on Bhattacherjee [37].

3.3. Validity and Reliability of the Measurement Tools

We determined the content and construct validity of the measurement tools used in this study. First, a content validity test was conducted with a professor related to the sports management major, in which the researcher reviewed the contents of the questionnaire to determine whether the measurement concept was adequately measured. Second, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to verify the construct validity of the questionnaire items. The convergent and discriminant validity of the constructed concept was examined using the results of the CFA. As a result of convergence validation, as shown in Table 2 and Table 3, all path coefficients exceeded the standard value of 0.707 suggested by Kwon and Trail [38], and the average variance extracted (AVE) for each factor was found to exceed 0.50, the standard value of convergent validity. For discriminant validity verification, the AVE of the construct proposed by Fornell and Larcker [39] and the correlation coefficient squared value were compared. Consequently, the smallest value among the AVE values was 0.60, and the largest value among the correlation square values was 0.50; therefore, discriminant validity between the constructs was secured. In addition, as a result of examining Cronbach’s α to measure the internal consistency of the items measuring constructive concepts, the internal consistency exceeded the standard value of 0.70 suggested by Nunnally and Bernstein [40], thus the items for each factor were reliable.
In this study, multiple regression analysis was conducted, rather than structural equation modeling (SEM), to verify the established research hypotheses. As the correlation coefficient between the constructs used in this study is relatively high, concerns about type 2 errors may be raised when performing SEM verification [41,42]. In particular, when it comes to multicollinearity in SEM, there are no specific guidelines for dealing with it in practice [43]. Nonetheless, this problem can be solved by removing variables suspected of multicollinearity or integrating variables with high correlation coefficients into one [44]. However, there is a risk of errors in model setting or distorted results [45]. Therefore, the hypotheses were verified using multiple regression analysis, and the multicollinearity problem was confirmed through the variance inflation factor (VIF) index.

3.4. Statistical Analysis

Frequency analysis, CFA, reliability analysis, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and simple and multiple linear regression analysis were performed on the data collected through the online questionnaire using SPSS 27.0 and AMOS 27.0 programs (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Statistical significance was set at α = 0.05.

4. Results

4.1. Normality of Data and Pearson’s Correlation Analysis

In this study, we first examined whether the assumptions necessary for multiple regression analysis were satisfied. First, it was determined that the data used in this study had a normal distribution after confirming the normality of the residuals using the P-P chart. Second, by inspecting the scatterplot of the residuals, it was determined that the residuals had linearity and equal variance and that the assumptions for multivariate multiple regression analysis were met. Third, as shown in Table 4, skewness ranges from −0.91 to −0.10, and kurtosis ranges from −0.26 to 0.43. The data analyzed in this study, which fall within the appropriate range, satisfy the normality assumption [46]. Moreover, as a result of Pearson’s correlation analysis, as shown in Table 4, the correlation coefficients between variables ranged from 0.763 to 0.877, indicating significant correlations.
Kline and Klammer [47] argued that “a correlation coefficient between two latent constructs greater than 0.85 indicates a high correlation, indicating multicollinearity.” According to Kline [48], with a correlation of 0.90, “it is difficult to measure the variables X and Y as separate components” [49]. The correlation coefficient between the components, set as a result of the correlation analysis, is at the boundary with respect to multicollinearity. However, to eliminate the multicollinearity problem, additional verification was performed through the VIF, and the related results are shown in Table 5, Table 6 and Table 7.

4.2. Effect of TBSS Characteristics of Taekwondo Academies on Perceived Value and Intention to Use Continuously

4.2.1. Effect of TBSS Characteristics of Taekwondo Academies on Perceived Value

Table 5 shows the results of the multiple regression analysis conducted to verify the effect of TBSS characteristics of Taekwondo academies on perceived value. The explanatory power of the regression equation was R2 = 84.4%, and the F statistic was 254.635 (p < 0.001), which is statistically significant. Among the sub-factors of TBSS characteristics, reliability (β = 0.354, p < 0.001), usefulness (β = 0.294, p < 0.001), and enjoyment (β = 0.250, p < 0.001) were found to have a positive (+) effect on the perceived value. However, ease of use (β = 0.098, p = 0.161) did not appear to affect perceived value significantly. In addition, since the correlation coefficients of all independent variables used for hypothesis testing are relatively high, the VIF was checked to confirm the absence of multicollinearity. This was satisfied, and thus, there was no problem with multicollinearity. Therefore, hypothesis 1 was partially supported.

4.2.2. Effect of TBSS Characteristics of Taekwondo Academies on the Intention to Use Continuously

Table 6 shows the results of multiple regression analysis conducted to verify the effect of TBSS characteristics of Taekwondo academies on intention to use continuously. The explanatory power of the regression equation was R2 = 77.7%, and the F statistic was 164.172 (p < 0.001), which is statistically significant. Among the sub-factors of TBSS characteristics, usefulness (β = 0.497, p < 0.001) and ease of use (β = 0.236, p < 0.01) had a positive (+) effect on the intention to use continuously. However, among the characteristics of TBSS, enjoyment (β = 0.118, p = 0.059) and reliability (β = 0.110, p = 0.105) did not significantly affect the intention to use continuously. In addition, since the correlation coefficients of all independent variables used for hypothesis testing are relatively high, the VIF was checked to confirm the absence of multicollinearity. This was satisfied, and thus, there was no multicollinearity problem. Therefore, hypothesis 2 was partially supported.

4.2.3. Effect of Perceived Value of Taekwondo Academies on the Intention to Use Continuously

Table 7 shows the results of the multiple regression analysis conducted to verify the effect of the perceived value of Taekwondo academies on the intention to use continuously. The explanatory power of the regression equation was R2 = 76.7%, and the F statistic was 617.044 (p < 0.001), which is statistically significant. Perceived value positively affected the intention to use continuously (β = 0.877, p < 0.001). In addition, since the correlation coefficients of all independent variables used for hypothesis testing are relatively high, the VIF was checked to confirm the absence of multicollinearity. This was satisfied, and thus, there was no multicollinearity problem. Therefore, hypothesis 3 was supported.

5. Discussion

When the effect of TBSS characteristics of Taekwondo academies on perceived value was examined, it was found to have a positive effect on reliability, usefulness, and enjoyment in descending order. However, there is no previous research on TBSS from Taekwondo academies’ perspective, so it is difficult to compare the results of this study directly. Despite this limitation, the following discussion is developed, centering on the results of TBSS characteristics and perceived values.
First, among TBSS characteristics, enjoyment positively affected perceived value. According to Seong [50], the enjoyment due to TBSS at a golf course, a sports facility similar to a Taekwondo academy, positively affected perceived value. Enjoyment tends to reduce the psychological cost or burden involved in producing and delivering services [51]. Therefore, it is necessary to use gamification to solidify records and work performance [52]. These efforts have the potential to reduce the psychological burden of TBSS from TBSS users (Taekwondo masters) to inmates (trainees’ parents) while also increasing perceived value through enjoyment.
Second, among TBSS characteristics, usefulness had a positive effect on perceived value. Recently, digitalization has been accelerating in society because of advances in science and technology and COVID-19 [53]. The use of TBSS in various fields is growing as the non-face-to-face environment becomes more common. Taekwondo masters oversee Taekwondo education, admission counseling, and management of Taekwondo academy simultaneously. TBSS saves time and effort by making it possible to process work quickly and conveniently. Therefore, technology can have a positive influence by supporting the management activities of Taekwondo academies. As a result, the rising demand for TBSS in a variety of fields, including Taekwondo academies, can be interpreted as an increase in TBSS’s perceived value. In a pandemic situation like COVID-19, these findings are expected to increase usage intention.
Third, among TBSS characteristics, ease of use did not appear to affect perceived value. Masters of Taekwondo academies may prefer to contact children’s parents directly or respond immediately instead of using TBSS and may choose to distribute tasks among existing staff. In addition, some of the Taekwondo masters who are older or endure some inconvenience in using the new functions of TBSS are affecting its perceived value. However, TBSS, which can establish management and education strategies in delivering and accepting new information, is increasing its perceived value because it provides simple and quick support for routine tasks that frequently occur in a Taekwondo academy. Ease of use does not affect the perceived value. However, Taekwondo masters are willing to continue using TBSS for its convenience and advantages beyond positive value recognition. These advantages, rather than the time Taekwondo masters spend running Taekwondo academies, can improve education quality. Therefore, TBSS can be used as one element necessary to improve and achieve Taekwondo academies’ performance. TBSS also promotes goal accomplishment and other significant achievements, such as physical and mental health. Thus, TBSS and Taekwondo education quality improvement must be pursued together.
Fourth, among TBSS characteristics, reliability positively affected perceived value. The basic trust that the Taekwondo master who runs the Taekwondo academy will assist with management activities is aided by the technology they selected from among various smart solutions supporting business activities. The repeated use of these skills required in the management of Taekwondo academies depicts that trust in the characteristics of TBSS could increase their perceived value. Every day, Korea generates a massive amount of data based on a fast and powerful network [54,55,56,57] and is extremely sensitive to change. As a result, continuous TBSS updates are required to increase the trust of rapidly changing users.
Among the characteristics of TBSS, usefulness and ease of use were found to have a positive effect on the intention to use continuously. According to several studies, usefulness and ease of use positively affected behavioral intention [58,59]. A positive attitude toward TBSS can significantly affect the intention to use it [60]. In other words, a positive evaluation of TBSS helps to maintain a smooth relationship with consumers [61]. Therefore, among the characteristics of TBSS, usefulness, and ease of use enhance perceived value more strongly than enjoyment and reliability. Therefore, when developing TBSS for Taekwondo academies, it is necessary to develop content with improved usability and ease, considering the age and characteristics of users. However, among the characteristics of TBSS, enjoyment and reliability did not significantly affect the intention to use it continuously. Despite TBSS being commonly used in Taekwondo academies, its purpose is related to the level of managing trainees, that is, work, rather than pursuing enjoyment. In addition, Taekwondo masters who do not prefer TBSS or are unfamiliar with its use may believe that paper distribution methods such as telephone or postal mail are more effective than TBSS. Therefore, it is necessary to attempt a comparative analysis of the use and non-use of TBSS in Taekwondo academy management.
Finally, the perceived value of TBSS was found to positively affect the intention to use it continuously. According to several studies [62,63], the perceived value influences the intention to use continuously, supporting the results of this study. The perceived value of TBSS in reducing costs and time incurred by Taekwondo masters in the management process is ultimately beneficial to business activities. Thus, Taekwondo masters try to use it consistently. Therefore, technological improvement is required to increase the intention of continuous use and enhance the perceived value of TBSS. In addition, these technological improvements of Taekwondo TBSS should be secured in terms of ease of use and usefulness.

6. Conclusions

As the TBSS characteristics of Taekwondo academy positively affect perceived values of reliability, usefulness, and enjoyment, it is necessary to strengthen a stable service environment and provide interesting and valuable services. In addition, as usefulness and ease are derived as factors affecting the intention of continuous use, the TBSS provider is required to improve the user-friendly system. Our study provides practical implications for more efficient use of the TBSS provided by a Taekwondo academy by discovering the relationship between the TBSS configuration of the Taekwondo academy, perceived value, and intention to use continuously.
These findings are practical achievements related to TBSS in Taekwondo management, and these results can be applied not only to Taekwondo academies in Korea. Therefore, when TBSS-related services are expanded and the current situation is considered, the results of this study can be utilized for follow-up studies.
Nonetheless, this study has certain limitations. First, although the number of samples was calculated and sampled by a scientific method, various characteristics (female and elderly) of the study participants could not be investigated due to the limitations of the online survey. Second, this study guided TBSS through pictures and collected data using an online survey owing to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this process, it cannot be excluded that some respondents have a bias toward TBSS. In addition, although the order of the questions was set to be random, there is concern regarding common method bias because the survey was conducted at the same time. Third, due to the high correlation between constructs, this study, as a basic study for the application of TBSS in Taekwondo academies, focused on the direct influence relationship through regression analysis. Moreover, it is limited in not being able to consider various variables that can affect the perceived value of TBSS. In the follow-up study, it is necessary to investigate the characteristics of various TBSS that can influence the management of private institutes by supplementing these limitations.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, D.-K.K., N.-H.K. and S.-U.P.; methodology, D.-K.K.; software, D.-K.K.; validation, D.-K.K.; formal analysis, D.-K.K.; investigation, D.-K.K., N.-H.K., C.-Y.O. and S.-U.P.; data curation, D.-K.K., N.-H.K., C.-Y.O. and S.-U.P.; writing—original draft preparation, D.-K.K. and N.-H.K.; writing—review and editing, D.-K.K., N.-H.K., C.-Y.O., J.J., H.N. and S.-U.P.; visualization, D.-K.K., N.-H.K., C.-Y.O. and S.-U.P.; supervision S.-U.P.; project administration D.-K.K., N.-H.K. and S.-U.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kyung Hee University Global Campus-designated institutional bioethics committee (KHGIRB-22-214).

Informed Consent Statement

Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

The authors express their sincere gratitude to all study participants.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Table
Table 1. General characteristics of the study participants.
Table 1. General characteristics of the study participants.
VariableCategorynPercentage (%)
GenderMale16386.7
Female2513.3
Age groups20 s4624.5
30 s5428.7
40 s6635.1
Over 50 s2211.7
Usage periodLess than 1 year11460.6
More than 1 year–Less than 3 years3820.2
More than 3 years–Less than 5 years105.3
More than 5 years2613.8
TBSS Preferred by Taekwondo academiesTaekwon-friends5227.7
Edu-family4121.8
Make-edu3418.0
Kizguard3116.5
Care-I2211.7
Others84.3
Total188100
Table
Table 2. Results of CFA on TBSS characteristics.
Table 2. Results of CFA on TBSS characteristics.
FactorsQuestionsβSEtAVECR
EnjoymentI enjoy providing services through the TBSS system0.844--0.7730.911
I find it interesting to provide services through the TBSS system0.9560.05219.699
I think providing services through the TBSS system is a new challenge0.8310.05715.159
UsefulnessI think the overall performance of gym operation has improved through the TBSS system0.893--0.7920.920
I think it is possible to operate the gym smoothly through the TBSS system0.8610.05616.820
I think the TBSS system is efficient for Taekwondo participants and their parents0.8720.05317.280
Ease of useI can easily participate in the operation of the gym using the TBSS system0.863--0.7030.876
I was effectively guided on how to use the TBSS system0.8290.06715.221
I think the use of the TBSS system is generally easy0.8110.06314.633
ReliabilityI think the TBSS system accurately provides guidance on the services needed to operate the academy0.896--0.7170.883
I think the provision of services for the TBSS system is consistent0.8580.05516.445
I think the TBSS system will work without a problem even if an unexpected situation occurs0.7670.06713.343
Model
Fit		X2dfpX2/dfNFITLICFIRMRRMSEA
147.156470.0003.130.9370.9380.9560.0310.097
Table
Table 3. Results of CFA on single-dimensional factor.
Table 3. Results of CFA on single-dimensional factor.
FactorsQuestionβSEtAVECR
Perceived
value		I am happy when I provide services through the TBSS system0.836--0.7420.963
Using the TBSS system is fun0.8170.04522.028
The use of the TBSS system is interesting0.7710.05417.912
The cost of using a TBSS system is reasonable0.8490.07314.766
Buying services from the TBSS system is a smart way of consumption0.8610.06315.115
TBSS systems offer a variety of values at a low cost0.8380.06814.445
TBSS systems effectively improve academy performance0.9230.06117.121
TBSS systems contribute to gym performance and achievement0.9120.06516.749
TBSS systems have various functions0.7980.06613.369
Intention to use continuouslyI will continue to use the TBSS system0.937--
I will increase the frequency of use of the TBSS system0.9420.04025.641
I plan to use the TBSS system more0.9520.03826.782
Model
Fit		X2dfpX2/dfNFITLICFIRMRRMSEA
119.558480.0002.4910.9590.9660.9750.0210.089
Table
Table 4. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis.
Table 4. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis.
EnjoymentUsefulnessEase of UseReliabilityPerceived ValuesIntention to Use Continuously
11
20.777 **1
30.809 **0.863 **1
40.764 **0.796 **0.843 **1
50.829 **0.855 **0.853 **0.862 **1
60.763 **0.859 **0.836 **0.778 **0.877 **1
M3.653.823.693.633.653.60
SD0.960.850.890.870.810.86
Skewness−0.29−0.46−0.37−0.91−0.15−0.10
Kurtosis−0.260.430.100.050.43−0.20
Note. ** p < 0.01.
Table
Table 5. Effect of TBSS characteristics on perceived value.
Table 5. Effect of TBSS characteristics on perceived value.
BSEβtpCollinearity Statistics
ToleranceVIF
Perceived
value		(constant)0.2760.111 2.4900.014
Enjoyment0.2110.0440.2504.8110.0000.3073.252
Usefulness0.2810.0580.2944.8620.0000.2284.388
Ease of use0.0890.0640.0981.4070.1610.1715.863
Reliability0.3320.0530.3546.2540.0000.2603.853
Adjusted R2 = 0.844, F = 254.635 ***
*** p < 001.
Table
Table 6. Effect of TBSS characteristics on the intention to use continuously.
Table 6. Effect of TBSS characteristics on the intention to use continuously.
BSEβtpCollinearity Statistics
ToleranceVIF
Intention to use continuously(constant)0.1350.145 0.9330.352
Enjoyment0.1090.0580.1181.9020.0590.3070.3252
Usefulness0.4970.0760.4746.5630.0000.2280.4388
Ease of use0.2360.0830.2372.8390.0050.1715.863
Reliability0.1130.0690.1101.6300.1050.2603.853
Adjusted R2 = 0.777, F = 164.172 ***
*** p < 001.
Table
Table 7. Effect of perceived value on the intention to use continuously.
Table 7. Effect of perceived value on the intention to use continuously.
BSEβtpCollinearity Statistics
ToleranceVIF
(constant)0.2110.145 1.4560.147
Perceived value0.9600.0390.87724.8400.0001.0001.000
Adjusted R2 = 0.767, F = 617.044 ***
*** p < 001.
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Kim, D.-K.; Kim, N.-H.; Oh, C.-Y.; Jang, J.; Nho, H.; Park, S.-U. Effect of a Taekwondo Academy’s Technology-Based Self-Service on Perceived Value and Intention to Use Continuously in the Interaction between Humans and Technology. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 12420. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312420

AMA Style

Kim D-K, Kim N-H, Oh C-Y, Jang J, Nho H, Park S-U. Effect of a Taekwondo Academy’s Technology-Based Self-Service on Perceived Value and Intention to Use Continuously in the Interaction between Humans and Technology. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(23):12420. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312420

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Kim, Dong-Kyu, Na-Hye Kim, Chae-Yun Oh, Jusun Jang, Hosung Nho, and Sung-Un Park. 2022. "Effect of a Taekwondo Academy’s Technology-Based Self-Service on Perceived Value and Intention to Use Continuously in the Interaction between Humans and Technology" Applied Sciences 12, no. 23: 12420. https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312420

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