Life Cycle Assessment of CO2 Emissions of Online Music and Videos Streaming in Japan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Domestic Market of Music and Videos Streaming
2.2. LCA of Music and Videos Streaming
2.3. Inventory Analysis
2.3.1. Construction and Manufacturing Process
2.3.2. Usage Process
- (1)
- Usage of data center
- (2)
- Usage of communication networks
- (3)
- Listening and/or watching through online streaming by the users
2.3.3. Disposal Process
2.3.4. Estimation of Life Cycle CO2 Emissions
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Life Cycle CO2 Emission per Communication Volume
3.2. CO2 Emissions Derived from Japanese Music and Videos Streaming in 2019
3.3. Future Projection of CO2 Emissions Derived from Japanese Music and Videos Streaming
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Unit | Source | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Data center | Construction cost | 15.80 × 109 | JPY/facility | [36] |
Legally decided service lifetime | 50 | Years | [37] | |
CO2 emission intensity for constructing data center | 0.30 × 10−3 | kg-CO2/JPY/facility | [38] | |
Average quantity of server rack per data center | 1300 | units/facility | [36] | |
Servers | Weight of 30 U server rack | 121 | kg/units | Adopted basing on information of servers manufactures and suppliers |
Legally decided service lifetime | 4 | Years | [37] | |
CO2 emission intensity for manufacturing servers | 143 | kg-CO2/kg/units | [39] | |
Storage capacity per 1U | 36 × 106 | MB/U | Adopted basing on information of servers manufactures and suppliers | |
U size per server rack | 30 | U/units | ||
Storage capacity | 1080 × 106 | MB/units |
Item | Unit | Source | |
---|---|---|---|
Average total floor area of data center | 11,800 | m2/facility | [36] |
CO2 emission intensity of data center | 652 | kg-CO2/m2/facility | [40] |
Item | Unit | Source | |
---|---|---|---|
Power consumption of PCs (median) | 6.87 × 10−2 | kWh | Adopted based on information of PCs manufactures and suppliers |
Power consumption of PCs (25% percentile) | 4.79 × 10−2 | kWh | |
Power consumption of PCs (75% percentile) | 1.28 × 10−1 | kWh | |
Power consumption of smartphones | 4.57 × 10−4 | kWh | [44] |
CO2 emission intensity of electricity in 2019 | 4.70 × 10−1 | kg-CO2/kWh | [45] |
Annual average usage time: music streaming/subscription | 730 | h | Calculated based on information of [32] and music and video streaming suppliers |
Annual average usage time: music streaming/free | 100 | h | |
Annual average usage time: videos streaming/subscription | 124 | h | |
Annual average usage time: videos streaming/free | 100 | h | |
Communication volume: music streaming/subscription | 72 | MB/h | |
Communication volume: music streaming/free | 72 | MB/h | |
Communication volume: videos streaming/subscription | 1900 | MB/h | |
Communication volume: videos streaming free | 1000 | MB/h |
Item | Unit | Source | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Data center | CO2 emission intensity for disposal | 341 | t-CO2/million JPY/facility | [38] |
Servers | CO2 emission intensity for disposal | 1.03 × 10−7 | kg-CO2/kg/unit | [39] |
Process | Sub Process | CO2 Emission |
---|---|---|
Construction and manufacture | Construction of data center and manufacture of servers | 4.09 × 10−6 |
Usage | Data center | 5.48 × 10−6 |
Communication network | 5.35 × 10−5 | |
Listening and/or watching streaming by users | ||
-PCs: music screaming/subscription and free | 4.49 × 10−4 | |
-PCs: video streaming/subscription | 1.70 × 10−5 | |
-PCs: video streaming/free | 3.23 × 10−5 | |
-Smartphones: music screaming/subscription and free | 2.98 × 10−6 | |
-Smartphones: video streaming/subscription | 1.13 × 10−7 | |
-Smartphones: video streaming/free | 2.15 × 10−7 | |
Dispose | Dispose of data center and servers | 7.68 × 10−5 |
PCs: music screaming/subscription and free | 5.88 × 10−4 |
PCs: video streaming/subscription | 1.57 × 10−4 |
PCs: video streaming/free | 1.72 × 10−4 |
Smartphones: music screaming/subscription and free | 1.43 × 10−4 |
Smartphones: video streaming/subscription | 1.40 × 10−4 |
Smartphones: video streaming/free | 1.40 × 10−4 |
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Tabata, T.; Wang, T.Y. Life Cycle Assessment of CO2 Emissions of Online Music and Videos Streaming in Japan. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 3992. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093992
Tabata T, Wang TY. Life Cycle Assessment of CO2 Emissions of Online Music and Videos Streaming in Japan. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(9):3992. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093992
Chicago/Turabian StyleTabata, Tomohiro, and Tse Yu Wang. 2021. "Life Cycle Assessment of CO2 Emissions of Online Music and Videos Streaming in Japan" Applied Sciences 11, no. 9: 3992. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093992