Evaluation of Standing-Up Motion from a Forward-Sloping Toilet Seat for Older People
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measurement Items
2.3. Protocols
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Motion
3.2. COP
3.3. EMG
3.4. Perceived Ease of the Standing-Up Motion
4. Discussion
4.1. Effect of Toilet Seat Angle on the Standing-Up Motion
4.2. Effect of Age on Toilet Seat Angle during the Standing-Up Motion
4.3. Limitation of This Study
5. Conclusions
- Older participants showed a consistent pattern of head motion and upper extremity movement strategies during the standing-up motion.
- The perceived ease of the standing-up motion is not always explained using objective data alone. For the same subjective comfort level, measured objective data exhibited considerable variations across individuals.
- Base on the subjective data, all participants found it easy to stand when the seat angle was 5° or 10°. Objective data on ankle dorsiflexion angle, muscle activity, and head movement may be related to the ease of the standing-up motion.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | Younger | Older | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | ||
n = 20 | n = 5 | n = 5 | n = 5 | n = 5 | |
Age (years) | 41.2 ± 14.5 | 42.2 ± 12.8 | 71.4 ± 1.7 | 71.8 ± 2.0 | |
Body height (cm) | 170.8 ± 4.0 | 159.4 ± 5.3 | 168.7 ± 4.0 | 149.6 ± 5.8 | |
Body weight (kg) | 62.5 ± 4.2 | 55.9 ± 6.5 | 65.2 ± 1.6 | 54.3 ± 4.8 | |
Measurement times for each person | |||||
Total | Toilet seat angle | ||||
5° | 10° | 15° | |||
Objective data | |||||
Motion | 75 | 25 | 25 | 25 | |
COP | 75 | 25 | 25 | 25 | |
EMG | 75 | 25 | 25 | 25 | |
Subjective data | |||||
Score | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Toilet Seat Angle | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
5° | 10° | 15° | ||
Objective data | ||||
Motion | Ankle dorsiflexion angle | |||
Forward trunk inclination angle | * | |||
Forward–backward head motion | ** | ** | ** | |
Up–down head motion | ** | ** | ** | |
COP | Peak-to-peak displacement in the X-axis | |||
Peak-to-peak displacement in the Z-axis | * | * | ||
EMG | Erector spinae | ** | ||
Rectus femoris | ||||
Tibialis anterior | ** | |||
Gastrocnemius | ||||
Subjective data | ||||
Score | Ease score | |||
Overall score |
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Chikai, M.; Ozawa, E.; Endo, H.; Ino, S. Evaluation of Standing-Up Motion from a Forward-Sloping Toilet Seat for Older People. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 1368. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041368
Chikai M, Ozawa E, Endo H, Ino S. Evaluation of Standing-Up Motion from a Forward-Sloping Toilet Seat for Older People. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(4):1368. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041368
Chicago/Turabian StyleChikai, Manabu, Emi Ozawa, Hiroshi Endo, and Shuichi Ino. 2021. "Evaluation of Standing-Up Motion from a Forward-Sloping Toilet Seat for Older People" Applied Sciences 11, no. 4: 1368. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041368
APA StyleChikai, M., Ozawa, E., Endo, H., & Ino, S. (2021). Evaluation of Standing-Up Motion from a Forward-Sloping Toilet Seat for Older People. Applied Sciences, 11(4), 1368. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11041368