Optimal Configuration with Capacity Analysis of PV-Plus-BESS for Behind-the-Meter Application
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Simulation Software Description
2.2. Weather Conditions
2.3. Load Consumption Profile
2.4. Electricity Tariff Calculation
2.5. Economic Assignment Criteria
2.5.1. Annual Real Interest Rate
- i = annual real interest rate (%);
- i′ = nominal interest rate (bank board rate) (%);
- f = expected inflation rate (%).
2.5.2. Net Present Cost (NPC)
- CFt = the cash flow of the t-year ($);
- i = the annual real interest rate (%);
- N = the project lifetime (year);
- t = the number of year (year);
- CF0 = the initial capital cost ($).
2.5.3. Capital Recovery Factor (CRF)
- t = the number of year (year)
- i = the annual real interest rate (%)
2.5.4. Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE)
- TAC = the annualized value of NPC ($/year);
- Eprim = the total annualized load consumption (kWh/year);
- N = the project lifetime (year).
2.5.5. Project Benefit (PB)
- NPCc = the NPC of the current case system ($);
- NPCref = the NPC of the reference case system ($).
2.5.6. Return on Investment (ROI)
- Ccap,c = the capital cost of the current case system ($);
- Ccap,ref = the capital cost of the reference case system ($).
2.5.7. Discounted Payback Period (DPP)
- tfull = the time before the accumulated cash flow (year);
- Ccap,last = the remaining unrecovered capital cost after accumulated cash flow ($).
2.5.8. Internal Rate of Return (IRR)
2.6. Electrical Assignment Criteria
2.6.1. Renewable Fraction (RF)
- Enon-ren = the nonrenewable electrical production (kWh/year);
- Hnon-ren = the nonrenewable thermal production (kWh/year);
- Eserved = the total electrical load served (kWh/year);
- Hserved = the total thermal load served (kWh/year).
2.6.2. Excess Electricity Fraction
- Eexcess = the total excess electricity (kWh/year);
- Eprod = the total electrical production (kWh/year).
3. Grid-Connected PV/BESS System Description
3.1. Grid-Connected PV/BESS System Schematic
3.2. PV System
- Ppv,STC = PV system rated power (kWp);
- fpv = PV derating factor (%);
- GT = the solar irradiance on the surface of the PV module (kW/m2);
- GT,STC = the solar irradiance under the standard test conditions (1 kW/m2);
- KP = the temperature coefficient of PV module (%/°C);
- TC = the operation temperature of the PV module (°C);
- TSTC = the temperature of the PV module under the standard test conditions (25 °C).
3.3. Storage System
- Cbw = the battery wear cost ($);
- Crep,batt = the replacement cost of the storage ($);
- Nbatt = the number of batteries in the storage;
- Qlifetime = the operating lifetime throughput of a single storage (kWh);
- ηrt = storage roundtrip efficiency (fractional).
3.4. Power Conversion System (PCS)
3.5. System Dispatch Strategy
4. Component Cost and Financial Assumption
4.1. System Component Cost
4.2. Interest Rate and Inflation Rate
4.3. Conditions without PV/BESS Installation
4.4. Conditions with PV/BESS Installation
5. Sensitivity Analysis
5.1. Global Horizontal Irradiation
5.2. Conditions without PV/BESS Installation
5.3. Electricity Price
5.4. PV/BESS Capital Cost
5.5. Real Interest Rate
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hybrid Energy System | Application Scenarios | Method-ology | Performance | Restriction Conditon | Performance Evaluation | Case Study in the Site |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The sustainable energy source to support the healthcare facilities | HOMER | The healthcare facilities to deliver services under a grid-connected or an off-grid | Different load profiles of equipment | NPC, COE, RF | Philippine rural health units (RHU) [29] |
| To mitigate the dependency on diesel generator | HOMER | Optimal the size of stand-alone configuration for the seasonal load profiles of three distinct island seasons for a single household | The island climatic conditions, and the typical seasonal load profiles | NPC, COE | Indian isolated island Andaman and Nicobar island [30] |
| To alleviate the intermittent nature of renewable energy sources | HOMER + Matlab | Considering the different stationary application profiles by the analysis of lead-acid and Li-ion batteries | The specifications and application profiles of battery systems | NPC, COE, RF | Euro dollars evaluation [31] |
| Evaluate the competitiveness of such renewable systems | HOMER | The suggestion of an off-grid power supply system for PV-diesel-battery based on the government’s support and incentive schemes | The low price of diesel fuel in Iran | NPC, COE, COP, carbon emission | Iran [32] |
| The electrification of consumption for the dissemination | HOMER | The better performance of PV system stimulates the investment opportunity | Diesel fuel price fluctuation | NPC, COE, RF | New Delhi, India [33] |
| Residential PV system to optimize the size and slope of PV array | HOMER | Maximize the Queensland residents’ benefits for 4 typical climate zones | The local policies’ limits on maximum PV size | NPC, COE, ROI, carbon emission | Queensland, Australia [34] |
Item | Type | Application |
---|---|---|
1 | Package price 1 | Public street lighting, alarms |
2 | Meter rate lighting service | Houses, small shops, offices, institutions, schools, and other institutions |
3 | Low voltage (LV) | Power supply below 600 volts for public offices, schools, supermarkets, small shopping malls, small and medium-sized factories |
4 | High voltage (HV) | Power supply from 600 volts to 22,800 volts with contract capacity more than 0.1 MW for factories, department stores, public institutions, schools |
5 | Extra high voltage (EHV) | Power supply more than 22,800 volts with contracted capacity of 1 MW or more for factories, MRTs, railways, and airports |
Basic Charge | Contract Capacity Charge | Summer Months (1 June~30 September) | Non-Summer Months (1 June~30 September) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
7.1246 | 5.2656 | |||||
Energy Charge | Monday to Friday | On-peak | Summer months | 10:00~12:00 13:00~17:00 | 0.1511 | - |
Mid-peak | Summer months | 07:30~10:00 12:00~13:00 17:00~22:30 | 0.0941 | - | ||
Non-summer months | 07:30~22:30 | - | 0.0911 | |||
Off-peak | 00:00~07:30 22:30~24:00 | 0.0423 | 0.0400 | |||
Saturday | Mid-peak | 07:30~22:30 | 0.0567 | 0.0541 | ||
Off-peak | 00:00~07:30 22:30~24:00 | 0.0423 | 0.0400 | |||
Sun. and off-peak day | Off-peak | All day | 0.0423 | 0.0400 |
Description | Data Description |
---|---|
PV System | |
Capital cost ($/kW) | 1310 |
Operation and maintenance cost ($/kW/year) | 13.1 |
Storage System | |
Capital cost ($/kWh) | 290 |
Replacement cost ($/kWh) | 174 |
Operation and maintenance cost ($/kWh/year) | 4.35 |
Power Conversion System | |
Capital cost ($/kW) | 123 |
Replacement cost (US$/kW) | 74 |
Operation and maintenance cost (US$/kW/year) | 0 |
Contract Capacity (kW) | 7500 | 7250 | 7000 | 6750 | 6500 | 6250 | 6000 | 5750 | 5500 | 5250 | 5000 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PV system capacity alternative | Without PV | 7250 kWp | 7500 kWp | 7750 kWp | 7750 kWp | 7750 kWp | 8250 kWp | 8250 kWp | 8250 kWp | 8500 kWp | 9000 kWp |
BESS capacity alternative | Without BESS | 0 | 250 kW/ 639 kWh | 500 kW/ 1278 kWh | 750 kW/ 1917 kWh | 1000 kW/ 2556 kWh | 1250 kW/ 3195 kWh | 1500 kW/ 4473 kWh | 1500 kW/ 5751 kWh | 2000 kW/ 7029 kWh | 2250 kW/ 8307 kWh |
PV system Installation Cost ($) | N/A | −10,152,500 | −9,825,000 | −10,152,500 | −10,152,500 | −10,480,000 | −10,807,500 | −10,807,500 | −10,807,500 | −11,135,000 | −11,790,000 |
PV system maintenance cost ($) | N/A | −1,952,246 | −1,889,273 | −1,952,246 | −1,952,246 | −2,015,224 | −2,078,198 | −2,078,198 | −2,078,198 | −2,141,176 | −2,267,127 |
BESS Installation Cost ($) | N/A | 0 | −216,110 | −432,220 | −648,330 | −864,440 | −1,080,550 | −1,481,970 | −1,883,390 | −2,284,810 | −2,686,230 |
BESS maintenance cost ($) | N/A | 0 | −160,527 | −321,056 | −481,584 | −642,110 | −802,638 | −1,123,694 | −1,444,751 | −1,765,804 | −2,086,860 |
Electricity expenses ($) | −54,813,205 | −39,914,431 | −39,752,863 | −38,812,925 | −38,283,773 | −37,362,064 | −36,453,117 | −35,765,228 | −35,096,604 | −34,048,495 | −32,662,915 |
NPC ($) | −54,813,205 | −52,019,181 | −51,843,772 | −51,670,949 | −51,518,438 | −51,363,840 | −51,222,008 | −51,256,593 | −51,310,443 | −51,375,287 | −51,493,136 |
Discounted electricity cost saving ($) | N/A | 14,898,774 | 15,078,139 | 16,035,874 | 16,582,823 | 17,522,329 | 18,449,073 | 19,154,760 | 19,841,181 | 20,907,087 | 22,310,464 |
Project benefit ($) | N/A | 2,794,024 | 2,969,433 | 3,142,256 | 3,294,767 | 3,449,365 | 3,591,197 | 3,556,612 | 3,502,762 | 3,437,918 | 3,320,069 |
Return on investment (%) | N/A | 1.63 | 1.74 | 1.74 | 1.79 | 1.78 | 1.77 | 1.71 | 1.64 | 1.53 | 1.39 |
Internal rate of return (%) | N/A | 2.85 | 3.03 | 3.04 | 3.11 | 3.10 | 3.08 | 2.97 | 2.86 | 2.69 | 2.46 |
Discounted payback (year) | N/A | 15.55 | 15.35 | 15.37 | 15.31 | 15.36 | 15.41 | 15.61 | 15.82 | 16.10 | 16.46 |
LOCE ($/kWh) | 0.09401 | 0.08921 | 0.08891 | 0.08862 | 0.08835 | 0.08809 | 0.08785 | 0.08791 | 0.08800 | 0.08811 | 0.08831 |
Electricity cost saving (%) | 0 | 27.18 | 27.51 | 29.26 | 30.25 | 31.97 | 33.66 | 34.95 | 36.20 | 38.14 | 40.70 |
Excess electricity fraction (%) | N/A | 2.86 | 2.90 | 2.96 | 2.77 | 2.85 | 2.93 | 2.64 | 2.39 | 2.37 | 2.57 |
Renewable fraction (%) | N/A | 26.10 | 27.00 | 27.90 | 28.00 | 28.80 | 29.60 | 29.80 | 29.90 | 30.80 | 32.40 |
Types of Electricity Price Rates for Different Years | 10 Years of Electricity Price Rate Unchanged | Increased by 3% Every Three Years | Increased by 3% Every Two Years | Increase by 3% Every Year |
---|---|---|---|---|
NPC-Without PV/BESS ($) | −$54,813,205 | −$59,431,490 | −$62,110,835 | −$70,229,116 |
NPC-With PV/BESS ($) | −$51,222,008 | −$54,285,866 | −$56,063,396 | −$61,449,217 |
Project benefit ($) | $3591,197 | $5,145,624 | $6,047,439 | $8,779,899 |
ROI (%) | 1.77% | 2.46% | 2.86% | 4.07% |
IRR (%) | 3.08% | 4.00% | 4.50% | 5.87% |
Discounted payback (year) | 15.41 | 14.44 | 13.95 | 13.95 |
LOCE-Without PV/BESS ($/kWh) | 0.09401 | 0.10193 | 0.10652 | 0.12044 |
LOCE-With PV/BESS ($/kWh) | 0.08785 | 0.09310 | 0.09615 | 0.10539 |
PV/BESS Cost Reduction Ratio | 1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NPC-Without PV/BESS ($) | −$54,813,205 | −$54,813,205 | −$54,813,205 | −$54,813,205 | −$54,813,205 | −$54,813,205 |
NPC-With PV/BESS ($) | −$51,222,008 | −$49,970,765 | −$48,719,523 | −$47,468,281 | −$46,217,039 | −$44,965,797 |
Project benefit ($) | $3,591,197 | $4,842,440 | $6,093,682 | $7,344,924 | $8,596,166 | $9,847,408 |
ROI (%) | 1.77% | 2.55% | 3.53% | 4.79% | 6.47% | 8.82% |
IRR(%) | 3.08% | 4.30% | 5.75% | 7.49% | 9.68% | 12.56% |
Discounted payback (year) | 15.41 | 13.83 | 12.25 | 10.69 | 8.67 | 7.21 |
LOCE-Without PV/BESS ($/kWh) | 0.09401 | 0.09401 | 0.09401 | 0.09401 | 0.09401 | 0.09401 |
LOCE-With PV/BESS ($/kWh) | 0.08785 | 0.08570 | 0.08355 | 0.08141 | 0.07926 | 0.07712 |
PV cost reduction ratio | 1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
NPC-Without PV/BESS ($) | −$54,813,205 | −$54,813,205 | −$54,813,205 | −$54,813,205 | −$54,813,205 | −$54,813,205 |
NPC-With PV/BESS ($) | −$51,222,008 | −$50,141,258 | −$49,060,508 | −$47,979,758 | −$46,899,008 | −$45,818,258 |
Project benefit ($) | $3,591,197 | $4,671,947 | $5,752,697 | $6,833,447 | $7,914,197 | $8,994,947 |
ROI (%) | 1.77% | 2.45% | 3.28% | 4.31% | 5.64% | 7.42% |
IRR (%) | 3.08% | 4.14% | 5.38% | 6.84% | 8.63% | 10.90% |
Discounted payback (year) | 15.41 | 14.04 | 12.68 | 11.33 | 9.92 | 7.87 |
LOCE-Without PV/BESS ($/kWh) | 0.09401 | 0.09401 | 0.09401 | 0.09401 | 0.09401 | 0.09401 |
LOCE-With PV/BESS ($/kWh) | 0.08785 | 0.08599 | 0.08414 | 0.08229 | 0.08043 | 0.07858 |
Storage system cost reduction ratio | 1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
NPC-Without PV/BESS ($) | −$54,813,205 | −$54,813,205 | −$54,813,205 | −$54,813,205 | −$54,813,205 | −$54,813,205 |
NPC-With PV/BESS($) | −$51,222,008 | −$51,075,814 | −$50,929,620 | −$50,783,427 | −$50,637,233 | −$50,491,039 |
Project benefit ($) | $3,591,197 | $3,737,391 | $3,883,585 | $4,029,778 | $4,175,972 | $4,322,166 |
ROI (%) | 1.77% | 1.85% | 1.93% | 2.01% | 2.09% | 2.17% |
IRR (%) | 3.08% | 3.20% | 3.33% | 3.45% | 3.58% | 3.71% |
Discounted payback (year) | 15.41 | 15.22 | 15.04 | 14.85 | 14.67 | 14.48 |
LOCE-Without PV/BESS ($/kWh) | 0.09401 | 0.09401 | 0.09401 | 0.09401 | 0.09401 | 0.09401 |
LOCE-With PV/BESS ($/kWh) | 0.08785 | 0.08760 | 0.08735 | 0.08709 | 0.08684 | 0.08659 |
PCS cost reduction ratio | 1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 |
NPC-Without PV/BESS ($) | −$54,813,205 | −$54,813,205 | −$54,813,205 | −$54,813,205 | −$54,813,205 | −$54,813,205 |
NPC-With PV/BESS ($) | −$51,222,008 | −$51,197,709 | −$51,173,410 | −$51,149,112 | −$51,124,813 | −$51,100,515 |
Project benefit ($) | $3,591,197 | $3,615,496 | $3,639,795 | $3,664,093 | $3,688,392 | $3,712,690 |
ROI (%) | 1.77% | 1.78% | 1.80% | 1.81% | 1.82% | 1.84% |
IRR (%) | 3.08% | 3.10% | 3.12% | 3.14% | 3.16% | 3.18% |
Discounted payback (year) | 15.41 | 15.38 | 15.35 | 15.32 | 15.28 | 15.25 |
LOCE-Without PV/BESS ($/kWh) | 0.09401 | 0.09401 | 0.09401 | 0.09401 | 0.09401 | 0.09401 |
LOCE-With PV/BESS ($/kWh) | 0.08785 | 0.08780 | 0.08776 | 0.08772 | 0.08768 | 0.08764 |
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Peng, C.-Y.; Kuo, C.-C.; Tsai, C.-T. Optimal Configuration with Capacity Analysis of PV-Plus-BESS for Behind-the-Meter Application. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 7851. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11177851
Peng C-Y, Kuo C-C, Tsai C-T. Optimal Configuration with Capacity Analysis of PV-Plus-BESS for Behind-the-Meter Application. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(17):7851. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11177851
Chicago/Turabian StylePeng, Cheng-Yu, Cheng-Chien Kuo, and Chih-Ta Tsai. 2021. "Optimal Configuration with Capacity Analysis of PV-Plus-BESS for Behind-the-Meter Application" Applied Sciences 11, no. 17: 7851. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11177851
APA StylePeng, C.-Y., Kuo, C.-C., & Tsai, C.-T. (2021). Optimal Configuration with Capacity Analysis of PV-Plus-BESS for Behind-the-Meter Application. Applied Sciences, 11(17), 7851. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11177851