The Effect of Surgical Mask Use in Anaerobic Running Performance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
- Body height and weight by a SECA model 714 following previous procedures [19].
- Rating of perceived exertion by the Borg Scale (6–20) [20].
- Subjective Perceived Stress (0–100) [21] as in previous psychophysiological research.
- Blood oxygen saturation by an oximeter OXYM4000 (Quirumed, Madrid, Spain), placed in the index finger of the right arm.
- Blood glucose concentration by the analysis of 5 μL of capillary finger blood using a portable analyzer (One Touch Basic, LifeScan Inc., Madrid, Spain).
- Heart Rate (HR) and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) was recorded by Polar Team Pro Sensor, Polar Electro, Kempele, Finland) during the 15 min prior to warming up and during the athletic tests, following the procedures of previous research [22]. The Polar system has a sampling frequency of 1000 Hz and is able to register the RR intervals (time interval between R waves of the electrocardiogram) for the analysis of HRV and the number of beats per minute for the HR analysis. The HRV data collected was analyzed by the Kubios HRV v2.2 software program (University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland) with no correction factor, since the measurements obtained were clean and free of noise. The following HRV variables were analyzed [23]:
- ○
- Time-Domain. RMSSD (root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats, which reflects the beat-to-beat variance in HR and is the primary time-domain measure used to estimate the vagally mediated changes reflected in HRV), PNN50% (the percentage of adjacent NN intervals that differ from each other by more than 50 m, closely correlated with PNS activity) and SDNN (the standard deviation of the average normal-to-normal (NN) intervals for each of the 5 min segments) were analyzed.
- ○
- Frequency-Domain (Spectral Measures) Analysis. We analyzed the low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) power components in normalized units (n.u). The frequency ranges where, HF: 0.15–0.40 Hz and LF: 0.04–0.15 Hz.
- ○
- Nonlinear domain analysis. SD1 and SD2 were measured to reflect the fluctuations of the HRV via a Poincaré chart, physiologically, on the transverse axis. SD1 reflects parasympathetic activity while SD2 reflect the long-term changes of RR intervals and is considered an inverse indicator of sympathetic activity.
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations of the Study
6. Practical Applications
7. Future Research
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Basal Test | 50 m Test | 400 m Test | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Mask | Mask | No Mask | Mask | No Mask | Mask | Mask and Test Effect | |||||||||
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | F | p | η2 | |
Time (s) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 8.55 *, ‡‡‡ | 0.84 | 9.62 *, ‡‡‡ | 1.76 | 74.9 *, ‡‡ | 9.38 | 89.2 *, ‡‡ | 13.9 | 2.582 | 0.011 | 0.025 |
Lactate (mmol/L) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 5.12 ‡‡‡ | 2.74 | 5.88 ‡‡‡ | 3.70 | 8.96 *, ‡‡ | 3.38 | 13.0 *, ‡‡ | 4.98 | 0.941 | 0.034 | 0.008 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 97.5 | 9.42 | 95.7 ‡‡ | 8.36 | 96.2 ‡, ‡‡‡ | 20.3 | 93.6 ‡, ‡‡‡ | 22.5 | 92.8 *, ‡, ‡‡‡ | 16.95 | 106.0 *, ‡, ‡‡‡ | 21.6 | 19.001 | 0.000 | 0.136 |
RPE (0-20 rank) | 7.57 ‡‡, ‡‡‡ | 1.24 | 7.85 ‡‡, ‡‡‡ | 2.00 | 13.7 ‡, ‡‡‡ | 3.75 | 13.4 ‡, ‡‡‡ | 2.9 | 17.5 *, ‡, ‡‡ | 1.82 | 18.7 *, ‡, ‡‡ | 1.65 | 3.117 | 0.045 | 0.050 |
SPS (0-100 rank) | 28.1 ‡‡, ‡‡‡ | 20.7 | 21.9 ‡‡, ‡‡‡ | 22.8 | 37.0 ‡, ‡‡‡ | 25.7 | 36.7 ‡, ‡‡‡ | 24.5 | 52.1 ‡, ‡‡ | 6.1 | 61.6 *, ‡, ‡‡ | 9.42 | 0.587 | 0.036 | 0.005 |
HR (bpm) | 70.8 ‡‡, ‡‡‡ | 15.5 | 72.0 ‡‡, ‡‡‡ | 11.8 | 106.3 ‡ | 35.3 | 110.6 ‡ | 35.1 | 152.4 ‡ | 15.9 | 167.6 ‡ | 25.92 | 0.093 | 0.911 | 0.001 |
BOS (%) | 97.5 | 0.97 | 97.8 ‡‡, ‡‡‡ | 0.78 | 97.8 * | 1.49 | 95.2 *, ‡, ‡‡‡ | 6.02 | 98.1 * | 1.31 | 96.7 *, ‡, ‡‡ | 3.06 | 7.397 | 0.003 | 0.059 |
Basal Test | 50 m Test | 400 m Test | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Mask | Mask | No Mask | Mask | No Mask | Mask | Mask and Test Effect | |||||||||
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | F | p | η2 | |
SDNN (ms) | 32.5 ‡‡, ‡‡‡ | 10.6 | 31.7 ‡‡, ‡‡‡ | 7.16 | 24.27 ‡, ‡‡‡ | 16.2 | 31.7 ‡, ‡‡‡ | 7.16 | 8.86 ‡, ‡‡ | 5.70 | 12.8 ‡, ‡‡ | 24.0 | 1.574 | 0.211 | 0.013 |
RMSSD (ms) | 23.0 ‡‡, ‡‡‡ | 6.37 | 21.2 ‡‡, ‡‡‡ | 6.02 | 21.2 *, ‡, ‡‡‡ | 6.39 | 9.72 *, ‡ | 6.02 | 17.17 *, ‡, ‡‡‡ | 2.59 | 8.20 ‡, ‡‡ | 5.19 | 4.716 | 0.010 | 0.038 |
pNN50 (%) | 4.29 ‡‡, ‡‡‡ | 3.14 | 3.78 ‡‡, ‡‡‡ | 3.52 | 0.60 ‡, ‡‡‡ | 1.52 | 1.12 ‡, ‡‡‡ | 1.79 | 0.00 *, ‡, ‡‡ | 0.00 | 0.32 *, ‡, ‡‡ | 1.01 | 1.815 | 0.176 | 0.015 |
LF (n.u.) | 70.4 *, ‡‡, ‡‡‡ | 18.7 | 78.6 *, ‡‡, ‡‡‡ | 11.1 | 80.6 ‡, ‡‡‡ | 20.8 | 77.6 ‡‡‡ | 16.8 | 47.8 ‡, ‡‡ | 19.0 | 53.4 ‡, ‡‡ | 24.2 | 2.640 | 0.073 | 0.021 |
HF (n.u.) | 29.7 *, ‡‡, ‡‡‡ | 18.6 | 21.4 *, ‡‡, ‡‡‡ | 11.1 | 29.7 ‡, ‡‡‡ | 18.6 | 22.1 ‡‡‡ | 16.5 | 52.3 ‡, ‡‡ | 18.8 | 46.0 ‡, ‡‡ | 23.8 | 2.782 | 0.064 | 0.022 |
SD1 (ms) | 16.3 ‡‡, ‡‡‡ | 4.54 | 15.0 ‡‡, ‡‡‡ | 4.22 | 6.89 *, ‡ | 4.56 | 9.02 *, ‡, ‡‡‡ | 6.03 | 5.26 ‡ | 3.42 | 5.90 ‡, ‡‡ | 3.61 | 4.119 | 0.017 | 0.033 |
SD2 (ms) | 41.9 ‡‡, ‡‡‡ | 14.7 | 42.2 ‡‡, ‡‡‡ | 9.49 | 33.2 ‡, ‡‡‡ | 23.2 | 31.8 ‡, ‡‡‡ | 20.6 | 10.2 ‡, ‡‡ | 7.59 | 12.4 ‡, ‡‡ | 8.67 | 0.436 | 0.612 | 0.004 |
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Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Rubio-Zarapuz, A.; Bustamante-Sánchez, A.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. The Effect of Surgical Mask Use in Anaerobic Running Performance. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 6555. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146555
Tornero-Aguilera JF, Rubio-Zarapuz A, Bustamante-Sánchez A, Clemente-Suárez VJ. The Effect of Surgical Mask Use in Anaerobic Running Performance. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(14):6555. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146555
Chicago/Turabian StyleTornero-Aguilera, José Francisco, Alejandro Rubio-Zarapuz, Alvaro Bustamante-Sánchez, and Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez. 2021. "The Effect of Surgical Mask Use in Anaerobic Running Performance" Applied Sciences 11, no. 14: 6555. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146555