Durability-Aimed Design Criteria of Cement-Stabilized Loess Subgrade for Railway
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Design
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Loess
2.1.2. Cement
2.2. Specimens Preparation
2.3. Test Methods
2.3.1. Fatigue Test
2.3.2. Wet-Dry Cycling
2.3.3. Freeze-Thaw Cycling
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Fatigue Performance of Cement-Stabilized Loess
Cement Dosage, Ps (%) | Compaction Level (K) | The Fatigue Life N of Cement-Stabilized Loess Specimens under the Following Stress Levels S (Time) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.80 | 0.75 | 0.70 | 0.65 | 0.60 | ||
3 | 0.92 | 239 | 568 | 1326 | 4825 | 8143 |
344 | 782 | 2072 | 6843 | 11,629 | ||
656 | 996 | 2945 | 8848 | 14,401 | ||
897 | 1453 | 4177 | 10,268 | 19,955 | ||
1121 | 1882 | 5584 | 12,851 | 26,785 | ||
0.95 | 416 | 1645 | 4060 | 9061 | 19,320 | |
688 | 3098 | 7345 | 16,453 | 34,396 | ||
935 | 4552 | 8840 | 23,697 | 46,005 | ||
1210 | 6009 | 11,285 | 32,078 | 54,720 | ||
1720 | 7946 | 13,865 | 42,153 | 72,153 | ||
0.97 | 578 | 3177 | 6835 | 13,645 | 51,421 | |
896 | 4945 | 9275 | 22,787 | 76,553 | ||
1427 | 6362 | 12,951 | 30,597 | 85,648 | ||
2166 | 7761 | 15,784 | 35,780 | 100,990 | ||
3439 | 9581 | 17,896 | 49,668 | 121,764 | ||
4 | 0.92 | 389 | 895 | 2846 | 8815 | 10,524 |
536 | 1539 | 3781 | 10,629 | 13,066 | ||
861 | 2262 | 4974 | 13,815 | 17,251 | ||
1062 | 3122 | 5655 | 15,993 | 21,892 | ||
1413 | 4528 | 7523 | 18,651 | 24,145 | ||
0.95 | 575 | 3628 | 7225 | 15,729 | 40,548 | |
906 | 5043 | 9356 | 28,955 | 53,526 | ||
1288 | 6215 | 13,023 | 35,726 | 67,262 | ||
1662 | 8149 | 14,898 | 44,830 | 81,049 | ||
2141 | 9352 | 17,653 | 56,004 | 89,553 | ||
0.97 | 810 | 5682 | 11,617 | 36,299 | 78,219 | |
1621 | 7427 | 18,528 | 54,473 | 90,316 | ||
2577 | 8932 | 26,743 | 60,338 | 99,886 | ||
3705 | 10,055 | 34,622 | 72,455 | 114,190 | ||
5106 | 11,947 | 43,850 | 81,637 | 130,925 | ||
6 | 0.92 | 541 | 1676 | 4571 | 11,259 | 82,150 |
809 | 3587 | 7033 | 18,215 | 101,583 | ||
1168 | 4633 | 9124 | 31,945 | 134,783 | ||
1382 | 5684 | 13,086 | 39,661 | 159,745 | ||
2033 | 7590 | 17,258 | 50,157 | 181,738 | ||
0.95 | 763 | 4781 | 10,273 | 61,235 | 125,681 | |
1256 | 6955 | 15,831 | 97,650 | 165,240 | ||
1864 | 9271 | 20,773 | 116,042 | 228,132 | ||
3295 | 11,352 | 23,896 | 158,123 | 273,185 | ||
4136 | 13,161 | 31,652 | 195,635 | 325,160 | ||
0.97 | 970 | 7195 | 21,453 | 101,887 | 162,293 | |
1954 | 10,862 | 32,612 | 145,064 | 230,919 | ||
2766 | 14,276 | 43,965 | 204,692 | 292,588 | ||
4081 | 21,016 | 51,432 | 287,654 | 345,067 | ||
4852 | 26,422 | 60,100 | 346,950 | 423,740 |
3.2. Strength Reduction under Wet-Dry Cycling
Cement Dosage, Ps (%) | Compaction Level (K) | The Compressive Strength (MPa) of Cement-Stabilized Loess under the Following Cycling N (Time) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 15 | 20 | 25 | ||
2 | 0.92 | 1.03 | 0.73 | 0.68 | 0.58 | 0.53 | 0.48 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.43 |
0.95 | 1.34 | 1.06 | 0.91 | 0.80 | 0.72 | 0.66 | 0.60 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.56 | |
0.97 | 1.65 | 1.32 | 1.14 | 1.01 | 0.91 | 0.83 | 0.76 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.71 | |
3 | 0.92 | 1.30 | 1.03 | 0.88 | 0.75 | 0.69 | 0.64 | 0.57 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.55 |
0.95 | 1.60 | 1.28 | 1.10 | 0.99 | 0.86 | 0.82 | 0.74 | 0.70 | 0.69 | 0.69 | |
0.97 | 2.03 | 1.68 | 1.44 | 1.28 | 1.12 | 1.08 | 0.95 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.89 | |
4 | 0.92 | 1.49 | 1.21 | 1.04 | 0.94 | 0.83 | 0.76 | 0.69 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.63 |
0.95 | 1.90 | 1.58 | 1.39 | 1.24 | 1.08 | 0.99 | 0.91 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.84 | |
0.97 | 2.26 | 1.90 | 1.74 | 1.56 | 1.29 | 1.24 | 1.11 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.01 | |
6 | 0.92 | 2.03 | 1.68 | 1.42 | 1.30 | 1.14 | 1.04 | 0.95 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.87 |
0.95 | 2.44 | 2.03 | 1.78 | 1.63 | 1.39 | 1.27 | 1.17 | 1.07 | 1.06 | 1.05 | |
0.97 | 2.80 | 2.38 | 2.18 | 1.96 | 1.62 | 1.60 | 1.34 | 1.26 | 1.25 | 1.25 |
3.3. Strength Reduction under Freeze-Thaw Cycling
Cement Dosage, Ps (%) | Compaction Level (K) | The Compressive Strength (MPa) of Cement-Stabilized Loess under the Following Cycling N (Time) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 12 | 15 | 20 | ||
2 | 0.92 | 1.03 | 0.71 | 0.61 | 0.46 | 0.31 | 0.24 | - | - | - |
0.95 | 1.34 | 0.96 | 0.81 | 0.62 | 0.43 | 0.29 | - | - | - | |
0.97 | 1.65 | 1.22 | 1.01 | 0.80 | 0.57 | 0.39 | - | - | - | |
3 | 0.92 | 1.30 | 0.95 | 0.81 | 0.64 | 0.49 | 0.42 | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.37 |
0.95 | 1.60 | 1.19 | 1.04 | 0.81 | 0.71 | 0.64 | 0.60 | 0.58 | 0.57 | |
0.97 | 2.03 | 1.53 | 1.32 | 1.05 | 0.93 | 0.84 | 0.78 | 0.75 | 0.75 | |
4 | 0.92 | 1.49 | 1.13 | 0.98 | 0.76 | 0.64 | 0.58 | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.52 |
0.95 | 1.90 | 1.44 | 1.28 | 1.02 | 0.90 | 0.83 | 0.77 | 0.75 | 0.74 | |
0.97 | 2.26 | 1.76 | 1.55 | 1.30 | 1.11 | 1.02 | 0.96 | 0.93 | 0.93 | |
6 | 0.92 | 2.03 | 1.56 | 1.37 | 1.05 | 0.91 | 0.83 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.74 |
0.95 | 2.44 | 1.89 | 1.61 | 1.32 | 1.16 | 1.05 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.98 | |
0.97 | 2.80 | 2.18 | 1.87 | 1.59 | 1.38 | 1.23 | 1.16 | 1.14 | 1.14 |
4. The Design Criteria Aiming at Subgrade Durability
4.1. Determination of Dynamic Stress
4.2. The Design Criteria
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- The effects of cement dosage and compaction level on the fatigue characteristics of cement-stabilized loess were investigated in this study. Taking into account the most unfavorable conditions, the strength fatigue reduction coefficient of 0.26 was obtained.
- (2)
- The effect of wet–dry cycling on the strength reduction of cement-stabilized loess was investigated in this study. The results show that the strength decreases continuously with the increase of the time of wet–dry cycling, and the strength became to be stable after 15 times. Taking into account the most unfavorable conditions, the strength reduction coefficient of cement-stabilized loess under wet–dry cycling of 0.40 was obtained.
- (3)
- The effect of freeze–thaw cycling on the strength reduction of cement-stabilized loess was investigated in this study. The results show that the strength decreases continuously with the increase of the time of freeze–thaw cycling, and the strength became to be stable after 12 times. Taking into account the most unfavorable conditions, the strength reduction coefficient of cement-stabilized loess under freeze–thaw cycling of 0.30 was obtained.
- (4)
- The dynamic stress level of the railway subgrade was analyzed in this study. Moreover, it was obtained that the dynamic stress σdmax of subgrade bottom is 50 kPa, and the dynamic stress σdmax of the embankment below the subgrade is 25 kPa.
- (5)
- The 7-day strength design criteria were presented based on durability: 7-day unconfined compressive strength of cement-stabilized loess saturated with water of the subgrade bottom should be higher than 1100 kPa, and 7-day unconfined compressive strength of cement-stabilized loess saturated with water of embankment below the subgrade should be higher than 550 kPa.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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The Grade of Railway | Design Speed (km/h) | 7-Day Unconfined Compressive Strength Saturated with Water (kPa) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Subgrade Bottom | Embankment below the Subgrade | |||
Passenger and freight railway, Inter-city railway | Ballast track | 120, 160 | ≥350 (550) | ≥200 |
200 | ≥350 (550) | ≥250 | ||
Ballastless track | - | ≥350 (550) | ≥250 | |
High-speed railway, Heavy-haul railway | - | ≥350 (550) | ≥250 |
Technical Indices | Particle Density (g/cm3) | Liquid Limit (%) | Plastic Limit (%) | Plasticity Index | Percentage Passing (%) of Sieve Sizes (mm) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.25~0.075 | 0.075~0.05 | 0.05~0.01 | 0.01~0.005 | ≤0.005 | |||||
Test value | 2.74 | 26.4 | 15.7 | 10.7 | 2.47 | 7.22 | 53.43 | 13.83 | 23.05 |
Technical Indices | Fineness (%) | Soundness | Ignition Loss (%) | Initial Setting Time (min) | Final Setting Time (min) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Testing standard | 10 | Qualified | 5 | 45 | 600 |
Test value | 1.2 | Qualified | 1.02 | 265 | 320 |
Ps (%) | 3 | 4 | 6 | Average | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K | 0.92 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.92 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.92 | 0.95 | 0.97 | |
m | 0.571 | 1.062 | 0.780 | 0.823 | 1.125 | 0.890 | 0.591 | 0.679 | 0.883 | 0.823 |
n | 14.393 | 13.667 | 17.253 | 14.543 | 15.368 | 18.426 | 17.864 | 19.806 | 19.666 | 16.776 |
R2 | 0.9662 | 0.9706 | 0.9378 | 0.9356 | 0.9378 | 0.9268 | 0.9663 | 0.9540 | 0.9542 |
The Type of Data | K30 (MPa/m) | 90 | 110 | 130 | 150 | 170 | 190 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The calculated value | (kPa) | 231 | 279 | 327 | 375 | 425 | 471 |
(kPa) | 104 | 126 | 147 | 169 | 190 | 212 | |
The measured value | (kPa) | 118 | 134 | 150 | 166 | 182 | 199 |
The Grade of Railway | 7-Day Unconfined Compressive Strength Saturated with Water (kPa) | |
---|---|---|
Subgrade Bottom | Embankment Below the Subgrade | |
Passenger and freight railway, Inter-city railway High-speed railway, Heavy-haul railway | 1100 | 550 |
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Wang, F.; Pang, W.; Qin, X.; Han, L.; Jiang, Y. Durability-Aimed Design Criteria of Cement-Stabilized Loess Subgrade for Railway. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5061. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115061
Wang F, Pang W, Qin X, Han L, Jiang Y. Durability-Aimed Design Criteria of Cement-Stabilized Loess Subgrade for Railway. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(11):5061. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115061
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Fuyu, Weichen Pang, Xingyuan Qin, Leilei Han, and Yingjun Jiang. 2021. "Durability-Aimed Design Criteria of Cement-Stabilized Loess Subgrade for Railway" Applied Sciences 11, no. 11: 5061. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11115061