Why Do Tethered-Bilayer Lipid Membranes Suit for Functional Membrane Protein Reincorporation?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Design of Tethered-Bilayer Lipid Membranes
3. Characterization of Tethered-Bilayer Lipid Membranes
4. Different Types of Tethered-Bilayer Lipid Membranes
4.1. Polymer-tBLMs
4.2. Anchorlipid-tBLMs
4.3. Sparsely-tBLMs or stBLMs
4.4. Peptide-tBLMs or Pep-BLMs
4.5. Vesicle Fusion Method to Form tBLMs: A “Top-Down” Approach
4.5.1. Using PEG as Anchoring Spacer
4.5.2. Using Biotin/Avidin as Spacers
4.5.3. With Peptide as Tethers
4.6. Protein-tBLMs or ptBLMs
5. Cell-Free Expression for Reinsertion of Membrane Proteins before or after Formation of tBLMs
6. Perspectives: Are tBLMs Placed in the 3R System?
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Techniques | Bilayer Characterization | Surfaces |
---|---|---|
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) imaging | Optical thickness of the bilayer, highly sensitive real-time monitoring of interactions without labeling of the analytes or the ligand, real-time monitoring of bilayer formation | Gold, silver, aluminum |
Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) | Interfacial wet mass determination and viscoelasticity (dissipation sensitive to viscoelastic properties of the adsorbed material), (acoustic) film thickness, real-time monitoring of bilayer formation | Gold, SiO2, mica, metal oxides |
Imaging ellipsometry (IE) | Indirect quantitative characterization of structural and functional properties of bilayers such as thickness and dry adsorbed mass (i.e., lipids in the adsorbed layer), anisotropy (lateral uniformity and phase separation), molecular area, and receptor-protein interaction affinities. Real-time large area imaging with high sensitivity | Oxide (silicon) substrates |
Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) | Dynamics, fluidity, and mobility characterisation of lipids and proteins (peripheral or integral), intergrity of artificial membranes | Optically transparent substrates: glass, silica, silcon, gold |
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) | Electrical properties (resistance and capacitance) of lipid bilayer membranes, formation process in real-time, stability of the membrane, characterization of incorporated ion channels | Gold, silicon |
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) | In-plane structure and morphology: surface roughness determination, investigation of bilayer surface at the nanoscale range in real-time and in aqueous environment, direct measure of physical properties at high spatial resolution, phase separation (domain formation) and quantification of bilayer thickness | Atomically flat surfaces: mica, silicon, quartz, flat gold |
(AFM) single-molecule Force Spectroscopy (FS) | Membrane stiffness and mechanical stability on the nanometer length scale, in-depth insight of the orientation of reconstituted transmembrane proteins | Mica, silicon, quartz, flat gold |
Neutron Reflectometry (NR) | Non-damaging technique giving high structural information on lipid bilayer and internal distribution of components (lipid or protein) within the bilayer (thickness of stratified layers normal to the interface), roughness and interaction with inserted proteins (easy differentiation of lipid and polypeptide components across the membrane structure after interaction) | Gold, silicon |
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) | Provides quantitaive analysis of elemental composition of a surface and its chemical state | Quartz |
Grazing incidence small angle neutron or X-ray scattering (GISANS and GISAXS) | Non-destructive method for the structural investigation of biomembranes and mixed lipids systems with different topologies | Performed in quartz glass |
Name | Amino Acid Sequence |
---|---|
P5 | Lip-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala-Ala-COOH 1 |
P7 | HS-(CH2)2-Ala-Ser-Ser-Ala-Ala-Ser-Ala-COOH |
LP12 2 | HS-Cys-Ala-Ser-Ala-Ala-Ser-Ser-Ala-Pro-Ser-Ser-Lys(Myr)-Myr 1 |
P19 3 | HS-Cys-Ser-Arg-Ala-Arg-Lys-Gln-Ala-Ala-Ser-Ile-Lys-Val-Ala-Val-Ser-Ala-Asp-Arg-COOH |
P19-4H | HS-Cys-Ser-Arg-Ala-Arg-Lys-Gln-Ala-Ala-Ser-Ile-Lys-Val-Ala-Val-Ser-Ala-Asp-Arg-His-His-His-His-COOH |
Lipid Composition | Molar Percentage (Mol%) 1 |
---|---|
POPC | 100 |
DOPC | 100 |
DOPC/DOPS 2 | 75:25 |
DOPC/DOPS doped with fluorophores | 75:25 |
Egg PC/brain PS | 68:32 |
Egg PC/brain PS/brain PIP2 3 | 68:30:2 |
DOPC/DOPE/DMPA 4/Chol | 31:17:20:32 |
POPC/SM 5/POPE 6/Chol 7 | 44:35:10:11 |
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Girard-Egrot, A.P.; Maniti, O. Why Do Tethered-Bilayer Lipid Membranes Suit for Functional Membrane Protein Reincorporation? Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 4876. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114876
Girard-Egrot AP, Maniti O. Why Do Tethered-Bilayer Lipid Membranes Suit for Functional Membrane Protein Reincorporation? Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(11):4876. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114876
Chicago/Turabian StyleGirard-Egrot, Agnès P., and Ofelia Maniti. 2021. "Why Do Tethered-Bilayer Lipid Membranes Suit for Functional Membrane Protein Reincorporation?" Applied Sciences 11, no. 11: 4876. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114876