Development of Quality Control Requirements for Improving the Quality of Architectural Design Based on BIM

Abstract

Building information modeling (BIM) technology has been utilized increasingly in quantitative ways in the architecture, engineering, and construction disciplines. However, owing to increasing requirements for improvement in qualitative factors in BIM-based design projects, it has become necessary to develop a checking and evaluation process for BIM-based architectural design. The purpose of this study is to develop and apply BIM-based quality control requirements for improving the quality of architectural design. To achieve this, the research investigated case studies for BIM data quality control and classified quality control targets according to physical/logical quality and data quality. The quality check criteria and checklists are developed through the reconfiguration of deduced quality control targets by requirement. The research developed a rule-based quality checking system using requirements for efficient quality control based on BIM.

1. Introduction

The construction industry relies on a vast array of architectural information, as an architectural process includes a variety of design stages and the cooperation of many disciplines. In particular, architectural information is generated and managed throughout the life of a building, from the conceptual design stage to construction and maintenance [1]. Building information modeling (BIM) technology improves the productivity and efficiency of the construction industry by taking advantage of the information generated throughout the life cycle of the facility to build a consistent system to maximize production efficiency and utilization of information [2].

BIM has actively been adopted to support the productivity of the construction industry. Further, public institutions in advanced countries (e.g., the United States [US], United Kingdom, Singapore, and South Korea) have mandated the implementation of BIM in design delivery, and promote automated checking for BIM quality [3]. This has a strong influence by promoting practices that use BIM. Improvements in work efficiency and productivity occur as a result of BIM adoption, depending on the consistency and accuracy of data [4]. The purpose of quality control in construction work is to ensure a structure is built in a rational, economical, and durable way. Improvement in quality reliability and reduction in costs can be achieved by securing a certain quality, improving quality and maintaining constant quality in the overall project [5]. Therefore, quality control is a very important factor in terms of project management. Quality control requirements are included in the BIM guidelines of some countries (e.g., Finland, USA, and Denmark). However, requirements for quality control are insufficiently detailed in current general BIM guidelines. There are limitations in adopting these guidelines into detailed work practices [6,7].

BIM technology has been utilized increasingly in quantitative ways in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) disciplines. Owing to recently increased requirements for the improvement of qualitative factors in BIM-based design projects, various quality checks are performed using BIM-based checking software. However, there are problems with this, such as a lack of BIM-based evaluation requirements [8]—reflecting the design changes that occur continually in the design phase [2,9]—and a lack of automated quality check processes through quality checking systems [10,11,12]. Therefore, it is necessary to define the checking and evaluation process and develop checking software for quality improvements to a BIM-based architectural design model.

The purpose of this study is to develop and apply quality check control requirements for improving the quality of architectural design based on BIM. To achieve this, the study defined quality check targets for the BIM-based design phase by analyzing the work and output information of each stage of the architectural design process and extracting detailed quality check targets from status (e.g., BIM guidelines, rule-based quality checking software) and domestic regulations. In addition, the research developed quality check requirements consisting of space check criteria, design check criteria and construction check criteria according to the nature and purpose of the work. Finally, the research developed a rule-based quality checking system using requirements for efficient quality controls based on BIM. The quality check requirements, which consist of classified targets to be considered when creating and assessing BIM data by designer and evaluator, could become necessary for common works in the design process. Therefore, an improvement in design quality could be expected when these quality control requirements are actively utilized.

The methodology employed in this study is as follows:

• The applied design phase was defined by analyzing the work and output information for each stage in the design process.
• Quality check targets were deduced through advanced practices (e.g., guidelines, software) and domestic regulations.
• Quality check requirements consisting of a space check, design check, and construction check were developed by categorizing the subject of the quality control according to the object and purpose of the works. Regulation checking is included in the design check criteria.
• A process of definition and development of element technologies was suggested for applying quality control to architectural design based on BIM. The results of quality checks were validated using rule-based quality checking software.

2. Literature Review

2.1. Overview of BIM-Based Quality Control

A building information model is a digital representation of the physical and functional characteristics of a facility. As such, it serves as a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility, forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life cycle, from inception onward [13]. As stages in the architectural process proceed, information is added and merged continuously. BIM applies parametric technology, where intelligent building objects can represent the geometric information, spatial relationships, geographic information, quantities and properties of building objects, material inventories and project schedules [14,15]. In paticular, BIM is useful for quality control using building object properties such as characteristic and relation information for various disciplines.

As an aspect of BIM, quality control encourages correct utilization of data, and quality checks review the validity of the physical and logical information to increase productivity. Quality control requirements based on BIM according to the goals and objectives of quality checks can be classified as shown in

Table 1. Classification of quality control based on building information modeling (BIM).

Classification	Description
Physical information quality	Adequacy requirements for model shape - Minimum requirements for shape representation - Suitability of model location - Clash check of space model
Logical information quality	Adequacy requirements for model logic - Requirements check based on regulations - Path analysis of components/space for evacuation
Data quality	Adequacy requirements for model data - Representation check of components - Checking properties of input data - Checking space program

[16].

BIM has been actively adopted in the construction industry because of an awareness of the importance of utilizing and assessing design information. However, there are problems with current quality control:

• It is difficult to define the information to be delivered to each subsequent stage in the design phase and to utilize the delivered information at the next stage; due to the lack of definition of the work and requirements for each design stage [17].
• Design information quality control should be performed continuously to reflect the design changes that occur throughout the design phase. However, immediate reflection is typically not performed properly because requirements and software for quality control are lacking [2,11].
• As a construction project progresses, the amount of information that must be analyzed and checked increases. Most regulation checking is still performed manually, which is error-prone and reduces work efficiency [3,10,18,19].
• The lack of requirements and guidelines related to BIM degrades design quality. Although some BIM guidelines include quality control requirements, there is a lack of detailed requirements for quality control in such guidelines. Further, there are limitations with the guidelines to be adopted in quality control work practices [4,9,20].

2.2. The Status of Guidelines for Quality Control

Many governments have been developing BIM guidelines for various sectors to institute the adoption of BIM. Some BIM guidelines deal with quality control either directly or indirectly. Although some aspects of quality control are included, the exact scope and content of quality control is still insufficient.

Table 2. The status and content of BIM-based guidelines for quality control.

Guidelines	Purpose	Main Content
Common BIM requirements 2012 (Finland) [21]	Provide BIM guidelines to improve business decision making in the design and construction process Create a checklist for each stage	Spatial BIM: check on location and property of space, and whether it reflects the space program Architectural BIM: check on the interference between objects or dual representation of building elements Structural BIM: check on the interference between architectural and structural objects and the suitable location for objects System BIM: check on the interference between HVAC, electrical, and architectural objects Merged BIM: check on the suitable location and interference between objects in various BIMs
3D CAD manual 2006 (Denmark) [22]	3D implementation methodology Representation of rules and guidelines	Constructability check Define the factors (e.g., object, geometric data, property, and simulation) to be included in the quality check
U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) BIM guide series (USA) [23]	Manage design quality and construction requirements Provide BIM guidelines by applied sector	Spatial program validation: provide BIM guidelines for modeling space and each object to check space Energy performance: define and apply the building elements required for energy simulation
US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) BIM roadmap (USA) [24]	Presentation of the long-term roadmap Details are not defined	Quality check on BIM (validation of a set of elements, visual verification, AEC CADD standards compliance) Structural analysis, cost estimates
Statsbygg BIM manual (Norway) [25]	Criteria for Norwegian government building projects over a certain size Includes the evaluation of alternatives, and financial evaluation	Check the format and properties of model elements Visualization check Space check (e.g., area calculations, validation) Energy analysis
BIM application guide in construction sector (Korea) [26]	Provide common requirements for adoption and application of open BIM in the domestic design sector [27]	Quality check of BIM data model for projects applying BIM should be conducted Provides a kind of BIM quality assurance, quality criteria for BIM, methods of quality assurance, a data format used in quality assurance, and range of responsibilities in BIM quality
Design competition guidelines for power exchange headquarters project (Korea) [28]	Develop design requirements and guidelines based on open BIM [27] Provide pre-assessment management	BIM design quality check in the pre-qualification stage Space requirements assessment BIM basic quality assessment Energy performance assessment
BIM guidelines for the Public Procurement Service (PPS) (Korea) [29]	Develop roadmap and guidelines for business facility BIM applications	Develop roadmap and guidelines for business facility BIM applications Develop BIM management guidelines (for PPS, demand institutions), BIM data guide and BIM data delivery guide (for contractors)

provides a summary of the various aspects of quality control in the BIM guidelines dealing with quality control.

2.3. The Status of Quality Control Software

Quality control software that is rule-based is able to perform an accurate and detailed clash check of physical BIMs. Navisworks and the Solibri Model Checker (SMC) are two leading software programs in the construction industry that can check model quality based on BIM. Navisworks has strengths in 4D and can only perform physical checks such as a clash check [30]. The SMC is the most common and widely used tool for BIM quality control in the GSA of the US, senate properties in Finland and bips in Denmark. The SMC was also used during the building design of the Korea Power Exchange headquarters as a tool for quality checks [31]. The SMC can perform various functions such as space, accessibility, structure, constructability, and regulation checks through a rule set that the user defines [10]. The Building and Construction Authority (BCA) of Singapore and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT) of Korea are also developing a system that can check BIM-based building permission code [32,33]. BCA targets accessibility among building permission codes, and Korea has SEUMTER that checks building permission codes. In these projects, software that can automatically check each building permission code has been developed and applied.

2.4. Case Applications of Quality Control

The projects presented in

Table 3. Case studies for quality control.

Project Name	Overview/Purpose	Development Organization	Quality Control Requirements	Content
US GSA BIM-enabled design guide automation [10]	Automation of BIM technologies specified in the guidelines for planning, design, construction, and maintenance of court buildings	GSA, Georgia Tech design computing lab	US courts design guide	Checking space program and level of security about designs from the architect through BIM technology Development of egress evaluation system according to the level of security
Finland music concert project [34]	Promote the possibility of plan checking in pre-design stage Use of BIM to reduce errors in the site	Senate properties	BIM requirements 2007	Space visualization for user Cost estimation Energy calculation and life cycle simulation Acoustic design
Denmark Rambøll headquarters [35]	Case that applied BIM technology in the Rambøll head office	Rambøll	3D CAD manual 2006	Clash check with SMC as an Industry foundation classes (IFC) file (AutoCAD Architecture, Tekla, MagiCAD) [36]
USA Wisconsin-13 BIM pilot projects [37]	Use of BIM in architectural and structural design (some sectors of MEP)	Wisconsin State	Wisconsin (BIM) guidelines	Component clash check Space clash check
Norway National Museum design competition [38]	National Art Museum International competition held in the Vestbanen, Oslo, Norway. Automatic model validation and quality control for BIM model in step 1	StatsbyggJotne EPM technology	Statsbygg General Guidelines for Building Information Modeling v1.1	Verification of IFC structure [36] Automatic verification using EDM model ServerLite Space check (space arrangement and check) Energy analysis (heat loss calculated automatically)
Power Exchange headquarters building construction design competition [28]	Application of BIM and quality assessment of BIM design (functional quality, energy efficiency)	Korea Power Exchange	Power Exchange headquarters building construction design competition guidelines	Submit original BIM, IFC 2X3 format, and design report about environmentally friendly building (energy performance) [36] Multidisciplinary assessment of the design quality based on BIM Visual checking, functional quality checking, and analysis of energy efficiency
Singapore iGrant [32]	Check compliance with building permission code related to the accessibility	BCA	Code on accessibility in the built environment 2013	Headroom height Manoeuvring spaces The properties of accessible

referred to the BIM guidelines and managed the BIM quality accordingly. The contents presented in this table show that the BIM guidelines referenced from the project are all different, but common information such as space check, flash check, etc. is required for quality control.

2.5. Summary

The status of quality control using BIM was reviewed in terms of guidelines, software, and applications. In addition, there are methods for checking quality according to specific purposes such as building permission codes, safety, evacuation, cost, energy, etc. As mentioned in the Introduction, the current status is in a transitional phase in which plans of development and application are continuously evolving through the recognition of the importance of quality control. Limitations and additional requirements affect the overall status. However, some examples are directly or indirectly reflected in the quality control requirements to be developed in this research. Rule-based quality check software contains rules that make basic quality checks available; they can be extended by creating new rules for additional design requirements. Such rule-based quality checking software is being used in various applications for quality control. The SMC was utilized to validate and apply the criteria for quality checking developed in this paper. Most BIM guidelines refer to quality control but simply highlight its importance. Detailed components and the methodology for quality control are lacking. Therefore, a detailed plan that defines the application and scope of the requirements for quality control is needed. The development of guidelines that provide detailed requirements for quality checking is the purpose of this research. Common applicable elements and additional elements required for domestic regulation are derived.

The applications of quality control analyzed in this paper were focused largely on physical checking (e.g., clash checking). Rule-based checking systems supporting quality control and quality checking in logical aspects have been planned and developed for more effective quality control. Many applications verifying the requirements developed in this paper should be continuously conducted to establish suitable quality control for the domestic practice environment. An application plan for automated quality control should be identified as a way of applying the requirements of quality control.

3. Design Quality in Design Processes Based on BIM

In this study, the design process defined in domestic and international guidelines has been identified based on BIM. The traditional design process has been changed with the adoption of BIM. In traditional design processes, a substantial component should be handled in the construction document stage. However, in the BIM process, all participants (e.g., owner, architect, and contractor) collaborate on the work at all stages. If a main operator or special contractor has construction know-how, any design uncertainty and the construction period can be reduced, and construction quality can be improved [31].

Quality control targets should be established first in developing quality control requirements for improving the quality of architectural design. To this end, this research reviewed guidelines that include information about the application of BIM by the work process phase. The terms that define the process phases differ, but the basic concept is largely the same.

Table 4. Quality control targets by stage through analysis of the architectural design process.

	Case	Korea KIA (Architecture Design Work Procedures) [40]	US AIA (IPD) [39,41]	Finland Senate Properties (BIM Requirements) [42]	USA CIC (BIM Project Execution Planning Guide) [43]	Quality Control Targets
IPD Stage [39]
Conceptualization (expanded programming)		Pre-survey Regulation, review of purpose and size	Setting goals Cost BIM environment	Cost Space program Regulation information	Programming Site analysis	Pre-check regulation
Criteria design (expanded schematic design)		Functional analysis (space programming) Deliberation and building permit	Spatial relationship Pre-design of major building system Regulation (fire, safety plan)	Space model (spatial BIM) Building draft model (space-based) Clash check Cost estimation Energy simulation	Architecture, structure, MEP, additional model Energy analysis Structure analysis Lighting analysis Mechanical analysis Regulation check	Space programming check (spatial BIM) Model check Model clash check Energy analysis Regulation check (deliberation and building permit)
Detailed design (expanded design development)		Prior review of basic design Regulation check Writing basic drawing and specification by stage	Complete building components (including building system) Construction schedule Regulation analysis	Building model (building element BIM) Modeling by field Clash check Final energy simulation		Checking final model by stage Model crash check Energy analysis Regulation check (deliberation and building permit)
Implementation documents (construction documents)		Re-examine basic design drawing Writing project drawing by field Deliberation and building permit	Writing construction document Shop drawing (including regulation document)			Regulation check (deliberation and building permit)

presents quality control targets based on the IPD stage [39], through analysis of the design process. IPD is an integrated project delivery method that optimizes project efficiency through the collaboration of all participants at all phases of the construction industry [39]. Some parts of the construction stage are excluded because the information considered is centered on architectural design.

4. Development of Design Quality Check Criteria Based on BIM

To increase the reliability of design assessments and quality check results, the definition of the design phase work and criteria that reflect business requirements is necessary. The environment that can be applied to this system should then be established. Therefore, this section presents quality check criteria based on BIM through a review of the target of quality control, and the development of checklists for checking details (see Figure 1). Architectural process based on BIM controls quality through BIM guidelines, building permission code, and rule-based S/W. These three quality controls can be classified into quality check requirements according to the level of application, scope, and level.

4.1. Review of Quality Check Targets Based on BIM

This research reviews detailed quality control targets deduced from BIM guidelines and the rule-based software for quality checks based on requirements of analysis for the BIM-based design process. To reflect the domestic situation, targets of quality control that reflect Korean regulations are also deduced. Quality control targets are classified as physical information quality, logical information quality, and data quality.

The applied targets for quality checks are preferentially selected, applicable, and generalized quality check targets, rather than checks for a specific item. However, the current contents are the basic steps. The targets should be appropriate for the goals of a specific project, established in the future through the identification of additional check targets. In the case of logical information and quality-based regulation checking, quality check target review work should be progressed continuously. Table 4 excerpts from IPD, Finland, and South Korea, although the methods vary for quality control targets. Quality control targets are excerpts from common or frequently used ones. These targets are based on the classification as shown in

Table 5. Quality check target arrangements by classification.

Classification	Targets
Physical information quality	Windows and doors fixed at the opening
	Required interval between objects
	Clash, structure, MEP elements
	Cross-check between equal elements (architecture/architecture, structure/structure, service/service)
	Cross-check among other elements (architecture/architecture, structure/structure, service/service)
	Connections between space and componentsPosition of the components
	Headroom height
	Absence of space or object
	Incorrectly modelled component
Logical information quality	Evacuation facilities
	Building coverage ratio, floor area ratio
	Height restrictions
	Elevator installation
	Prevention of heat loss
	Regulation of space area
	Parking lot installation
	Exit route planning
	Structural standards
	Ceiling installation
	Manoeuvring spaces
Data quality	The required property, depending on the level of detail
	Space name, group name
	Type of space and each component
	Skin property (wall, slab, door, window)
	Height of space
	Whether spatial area matches with space program
	Whether each floor space area matches with total area
	Definition of spatial location
	Review all space groups (spatial groups), including the type
	Space number
	Obstruction checking of space consisting of external wall
	Door, window, slab area calculation
	Total area checking
	The properties of accessible

.

4.2. Development of Quality Check Criteria Based on BIM

In this section, quality check criteria and checklists are developed through reconfiguration of deduced quality check targets by requirement. As described above, quality check targets based on BIM can be classified into physical information quality, logical information quality, and data quality. For practical applications, they can be separated into space check criteria, design check criteria, and construction check criteria, depending on the applicable goals and methods. The deducted quality check targets and the relevance of criteria developed in this study are shown in Figure 1.

The targets of quality checking are spatial checking and design checking for improving design quality and construction checking. In addition, escape stairs installation criteria and heat loss prevention criteria are presented for regulation information checking in design check criteria.

4.2.1. Space Check Criteria

Space check criteria are related to the checking of space components, space name, space area, and clash between spaces in the BIM according to the space programming required by the client. BIM that includes spatial information is referred to as spatial BIM. The spatial BIM is checked to determine whether the space programing is reflected appropriately.

4.2.2. Design Check Criteria

Design check criteria are related to the checking of BIM data quality generated in the design process. These criteria have additional components including BIM validation and design guidelines. Further, they contain regulation information and related design. Detailed installation criteria for escape stairs and heat loss prevention are developed in this research. The regulations can be modified and supplemented depending on the intended use of the BIM.

4.2.3. Construction Check Criteria

Construction check criteria are related to the physical quality checking of BIM data for constructability checking. Generally, such criteria refer to clash checking between the same kinds of building objects and different kinds of building objects.

Table 6. Quality check targets and cases.

Classification	Checking target	Cases	Description
Space check criteria	Space component area and quantity check		Checking of space area within the error range Error range can be changed according to the criteria of the project Each floor space area/quantity checking
	Space number and name check		Checking of space number and name according to space program Checking of space number unique identifier in the BIM data
Design check criteria	The absence of the component type in the BIM data		Definition of the specific types and required properties for checking (e.g., object’s material)
	Building envelope/Thermal transmittance property check		Definition of the building envelope/thermal transmittance property checking
	Exit route check		Checking of exit route walking distance according to criterion of the exit route
Construction check criteria	Clash check (different kinds of objects)		Clash checking between different kinds of building objects (e.g., column and slab)
	Overlap check (same kinds of objects)		Overlap checking between the same kind of building objects (e.g., walls)

presents some examples of the quality check criteria developed in this study.

4.3. Development of Quality Check Checklists

This research developed specific checklists considering items and procedures according to the quality check criteria developed in the study. These checklists can prevent missing information, making it possible to increase the accuracy of information about the required targets and contents. Through the use of these specific checklists, architects and designers are able to reflect design changes with continuous self-diagnostics. This is very important to improve quality checking results.

Table 7. Example of checklist for design check criteria.

Date/Time:
Reviewer:
Project name:
Checklist for design check criteria	Check content (suitability/incongruity/pending)
Design quality basic (common) contents
The building element in the BIM, defined using software when the initial creation (e.g., have to create using wall tool)
The type and attribute of all building elements in the BIM should be defined
The property and type of the components must be defined
The BIM should have level information
KPX headquarters competition contents
Stair plan should meet the conditions of regulations (e.g., installation of landing space and stair width/path)
Disability-related conditions should meet regulations (e.g., ramp slope, width)
Evacuation and fire conditions should meet regulations (e.g., securing appropriate egress route from each space to safety zones)
Heat loss prevention criteria
The purpose of a building BIM should be defined in the BIM as a property
Building elements exposed to ambient conditions (e.g., walls, slabs) should have property information about envelope
All building elements exposed to ambient conditions should have thermal transmittance as a property
Building elements exposed to ambient conditions should have thermal transmittance according to legal criteria
...
Signature:

presents an example of a checklist based on the design check criteria. This checklist contains commonly applicable content in the case of the Power Exchange headquarters competition [28] through analysis of processes and requirements. The heat loss prevention criteria that are the target of regulation checking are also included.

5. Application of Design Quality Checks Based on BIM

5.1. Suggested Quality Checking Process

For application to quality check-based BIM, quality check software that reflects quality check criteria and BIM data generated according to the BIM guidelines should be configured as shown in Figure 2. The quality check software can be applied to modify existing rules according to the criteria developed for the quality check. Additionally, quality check software should enable users to develop rules directly for automated quality checking according to altered criteria (e.g., revised regulations).

The suggested quality check process is as follows:

(1)

The architect and designer produce a design plan with quality check criteria using BIM software. In this case, it is necessary to define the building object’s properties according to BIM guidelines for the quality check.

(2)

The BIM created using the BIM software is exported in the IFC format [36].

(3)

The BIM data are checked according to the quality checking criteria using quality check software. The architect and designer continually revise and review the design until the design requirements are properly reflected in the BIM data through the quality checking criteria.

(4)

The quality checking results can be reported.

5.2. BIM Data

A BIM created according to BIM guidelines is needed to conduct quality checking. The BIM guideline can lead architects/designers and evaluators to create quality models that can be used to perform quality control and to increase the reliability of quality control results. These BIM guidelines should include not only basic modeling methods but also additional property definitions according to quality control criteria. The information input level for the BIM is LOD 2 [44] in the design development phase. At this level, it is possible to define the details of the design check criteria and the construction check criteria among the quality check criteria. In this research, since the open BIM environment [27] is applied for effective sharing and exchange of design information, BIM data format adopts IFC 2x3 or higher standard format [36]. IFC are the main building SMART data model standard and this format is registered by ISO as ISO 16739. IFC can be used to exchange and share BIM data between applications developed by different software vendors without the software having to support numerous native formats. As an open format, IFC do not belong to a single software vendor therefore they are neutral and independent of a particular vendor’s plans for software development [36].

5.3. Application of Rule-Based Quality Checking Software

To achieve an effective quality check based on quality check criteria, quality evaluation using quality checking software is very important. Depending on the purpose and nature of the quality check criteria, some criteria can be checked using the rules provided by the existing software.

5.3.1. Quality Checking Using SMC (Modification and Addition of Rule Sets)

The criteria developed in this study can be utilized with some modification of existing SMC rules according to quality check criteria. SMC provides various rules and types of rules set by a group depending on the type and purpose [4]. A new rule set can be created by combining various kinds of associated rules with the quality check criteria developed in this study. Each rule set can be configured in association with the criteria. Figure 3 shows the results of a quality check conducted by a recombinant rule set according to the space check criteria.

5.3.2. Development of Rule-Based Quality Check Software

(1) Structure quality checking criteria

The design check criteria (focused on regulation information) and methods should be defined based on the relevant regulations for a rule-based quality checking system. The defined design checking criteria should be coded for regulation checking by linking the BIM data and regulation code. Rule-based regulation checking progresses through the identification of the targets and contents of building objects in BIM data compared with the regulation code.

The BIM property information contains the names of materials that have further applicable information for various disciplines. This property information is utilized to determine quality checking results in the rule-based quality checking system. Software can be communicated using a neutral format throughout the open BIM environment, such as IFC, which is an international standard [27,36,45]. Open BIM is a universal approach to the collaborative design, realization, and operation of buildings based on open standards and workflows [27]. IFC provides the definitions for additional property information through the development of a property set (PSET) in the extension of the concept model for the definition of additional attributes of the BIM [16,36]. buildingSMART provides basic PSETs (e.g., Pset_WallCommon) along with a methodology for defining additional properties for building objects. The PSETs and properties for applying the regulations (e.g., heat loss prevention criteria) are shown in Figure 4.

(2) Development of rules through the SMC API environment

As described above, SMC can be utilized for all of the developed quality check criteria. Therefore, this study uses SMC as the software for rule-based quality checking.

Regulation information should be structuralized in conjunction with IFC for using rules that are related to regulations in the SMC [36,46]. The rules have to be defined as a separate class (Java file) in the SMC Java API environment (See Figure 5), and the required properties and checking order must be defined with IFC structure and regulation contents [36]. This study focuses on heat loss prevention regulation checking criteria and generates the coded Java file from delimited rules (e.g., a check of building district, building uses, building envelope property, and thermal transmittance).

The thermal transmittance (U-value) is obtained by

$$U\left(thermal transmittance, U-value\right)\left(\mathrm{W}/{\mathrm{m}}^2\mathrm{K}\right)=\frac{1}{{\displaystyle \sum }thermal resistance}$$

(1)

$$thermal resistance\left({\mathrm{m}}^2\mathrm{K}/\mathrm{W}\right)=\frac{thickness}{thermal conductivity\left(\mathrm{kcal}/{\mathrm{m}}^2{\mathrm{h}}^{°}\mathrm{C}\right)}$$

(2)

A new rule set that corresponds to the heat loss prevention criteria is generated with one of the rules (Java file) developed in the Rule Set Manager of SMC.

The heat loss is obtained by

$$Q=U\times A\times \Delta T$$

(3)

• A: Surface area
• ∆T: Temperature difference (T1, T2)

Regulation checking is then conducted in conjunction with the BIM data. It is necessary to continuously modify errors that occur through regulation checking; a final design can be derived after regulation checking is completed. In particular, final design checking criteria can be utilized by legality checking for building permission [4]. Figure 6 shows the rule-based quality checking result according to design check criteria.

(3) Development of rule-based quality check software

The development through the API environment of a specific program may cause problems such as limitations and dependencies of the API module. Therefore, in this research, we developed software that can develop the self-developed function and check it. This software provides the text of select code articles from the Korean Building Act, its enforcement decrees, and the regulations associated with them. The rule is defined and managed with building code checklists based on those currently used in actual architectural firms. The rules are based on the quality checking criteria, and the system library functions and the scripts are generated by the rules.

In the case of a check of elevator installation criteria, the number of elevator installation is obtained by

$$Total of living space over 6 floors \le 3000 {\mathrm{m}}^2=2$$

(4)

$$Total of living space over 6 floors>3000 {\mathrm{m}}^2$$

(5)

$$\frac{total of living space 6 floors-3000 {\mathrm{m}}^2}{2000 {\mathrm{m}}^2}+2$$

(6)

$$\frac{maximum floor area of each floor exceeding 31 \mathrm{m}-1500 {\mathrm{m}}^2}{3000 {\mathrm{m}}^2}+1$$

(7)

Figure 7 is an example of a flowchart for analyzing the regulation before the development of rules and software.

Figure 8 shows the process of applying a rule to check the installation of the ceiling.

Figure 9 shows the result of the quality checking as exemplified in the installation of the ceiling and the functions of software.

6. Usage and Verification of Proposed Quality Checking Requirements

6.1. Overview

In this section, a quality check of BIM data was performed to validate the applicability of the developed quality check criteria, by using rule-based quality check software. Some of the criteria for space and construction checks were established based on modifications to the basic rules supported by SMC, as previously mentioned. For the design check criteria, heat loss prevention criteria were additionally developed, and these also were adopted in quality checks. Revit and ArchiCAD were used as the BIM software. The properties of regulation information in the design criteria were input with basic modeling according to the LOD of BIM, as suggested in this study. A summary of the application example models is provided in

Table 8. Overview of case models.

	Image	Description
Case 1		Location: Seoul (Site zone: central) Purpose: business and neighborhood living facilities Number of floors: 6 basement floors, 15 ground floors Area of land: 694.4 m2
Case 2		Location: Gyeonggi-do (Site zone: central) Purpose: cultural and business facilities Number of floors: 3 basement floors, 15 ground floors Area of land: 10,802 m2
Case 3		Location: Gyeonggi-do (Site zone: central) Purpose: cultural and business facilities Number of floors: 2 basement floors, 13 ground floors Area of land: 10,802 m2
Case 4		Location: Gyeonggi-do (Site zone: central) Purpose: cultural and business facilities Number of floors: 4 basement floors, 11 ground floors Area of land: 10,802 m2

.

6.2. Results of the Applied Criteria

The developed quality check criteria, which consist of a space check, design check and construction check were applied. Continuous quality checking and revision allowed the improvement of the final design plan. This may provide a basis for improving accuracy and efficiency in aspects of project management.

6.2.1. Space Check Criteria

Space check criteria are the criteria for evaluating whether BIM data reflects the space program. In this study, the basic rule set in SMC was modified to develop targeted model-specific rules for the space program. A quality check on this rule was performed.

Table 9. The result of quality checking against space check criteria in case models.

Space Check Criteria Checklist	Error
	Case 1	Case 2	Case 3	Case 4
Space objects, which are located in all planned space, should be defined.	0	0	0	0
Space objects should be defined using non-duplicated space number (facility number) as the attribute, according to the list in the space program.	0	0	0	0
Space objects should be defined using non-duplicated space name as the attribute, according to the list in the space program.	0	0	0	0
The BIM should consider space objects, which are defined in the space program.	22	1	19	0
Space objects should be categorized into zones according to the purpose of the space.	21	29	34	21
The total area of floor space objects on each floor of the building should be within the error range specified in the spatial plan for the planning area	0	23	22	0
The quantity of floor space objects on each floor of the building should be in accordance with the number of objects specified in the spatial plan	10	72	5	3
The area of spatial objects should be within the error range specified in the spatial plan for the planning area.	24	2	59	0
The quantity of spatial objects should be in accordance with the number of objects specified in the spatial plan.	73	4	2	0
Spatial objects with minimum height conditions defined in the spatial plan must meet the corresponding condition.	5	8	6	5
Space objects should not interfere with each other.	135	287	202	19

shows the results from the quality check for each case model.

Problems identified in the quality check based on space check criteria are described in

Table 10. Results of quality checking based on space check criteria.

Section	Problems and Solutions
User input error	The error was caused by typing error or misidentification of user The error was caused by mis-recording of the space name and number, which is based on the space program when creating BIM The error occurred due to modifications to the space program already applied Therefore, the user needs to pay special attention at every step of entering and modifying information
System error	Error in planning space program (Excel-based program)	The error occurred when the program automatically changed part of a space name (e.g., cafe to café)
	Error in quality check on SMC	The error in space area was due to differing criteria for modeling space in each country (domestic, based on center line; SMC, based on inside dimensions)
Error of quality check criteria	In the case of “interference check of the space object” (a rule in SMC), clash detection is checked between space and building objects, but not between space objects. This causes a lot of error. Clash detection between space and building objects should be added to the checklist to remind users to consider this when creating a BIM.

. In addition, solutions to these problems are suggested.

6.2.2. Design Check Criteria

The design check criteria evaluate whether BIM data reflect the design guidelines. BIM validation in SMC was utilized. In addition, a quality check on heat loss prevention criteria was conducted. As a result of the quality check on design check criteria, the problems shown in

Table 11. The results of quality checks against the design check criteria in case models.

Design Check Criteria Checklist	Error
	Case 1	Case 2	Case 3	Case 4
The building element in BIM should be defined using software during the initial creation (e.g., a wall should be created using the wall tool).	0	0	0	0
The building elements used in the creation of the BIM should be constructed.	0	0	0	0
The type and attributes of all building elements in the BIM should be defined.	0	0	0	0
The BIM should have level information.	0	0	0	0
The location information should be defined in the BIM as a value of the property.	0	1	0	1
The purpose of a building BIM should be defined in the BIM as a value of the property.	0	1	1	0
Building elements exposed to ambient conditions (e.g., wall, slab) should have property information about the envelope.	0	0	0	0
All building elements exposed to ambient conditions should have thermal transmittance as a value of the property.	15	20	26	24
Building elements exposed to ambient conditions should have thermal transmittance according to legal criteria.	15	16	23	6

were identified.

As a result of the quality check against design check criteria, the problems shown in

Table 12. The results of quality checks against design check criteria.

Section	Problems and Solutions
User input error	This error occurs if the property information to be input (such as regulation information) in addition to basic property information is omitted or improperly entered. The information to be entered is different depending on the target of the quality check. Therefore, the user must first define the scope and target of quality checks to reduce error.
System error	Error of BIM software (IFC export/import) [36]	Even if the BIM was created properly, the exported IFC file could have an error [36]. To minimize errors, users should identify problems according to the software and object.
	Error of quality check in SMC	-
Error in quality check criteria	In the initial stages, current regulation criteria are not sufficient, unlike the criteria for the basic quality check. Therefore, it is necessary to develop the various rules for regulation checking.

were identified. Solutions to these problems are also suggested in the table.

6.2.3. Construction Check Criteria

The construction check criteria are related to a physical evaluation of the degree to which construction criteria are reflected. The quality check was conducted after modifying the basic rule set in SMC to derive the rules for the construction check. As a result of the quality check against construction check criteria, the problems shown in

Table 13. The results of quality checks against the construction check criteria in case models.

Construction Check Criteria Checklist	Error
	Case 1	Case 2	Case 3	Case 4
There should be no clash or interference between the building elements in the BIM.	753	20	42	16
There should be no interference between the same building elements in the BIM.	395	23	2	11
There is no duplicated preparation of building elements in the BIM.	17	13	8	20
The upper and lower elements of the building should be drawn as encountered.	111	26	30	7

were identified.

During the quality check against construction check criteria, the problems shown in

Table 14. The results of quality checks against construction check criteria.

Section	Problems and Solutions
User input error	Most errors occurred while creating the BIM using the software. These problems could be solved by creating a BIM according to the BIM guidelines.
System error	Errors in BIM software (IFC export/import) [36]	Even if the BIM was created properly, the exported IFC file could have errors [36]. To minimize errors, the user should identify problems according to the software and object.
	Errors in quality checks in SMC	Some rules provided by SMC were inconsistent with the domestic situation. These rules should be excluded when checking the model.
Error in quality check criteria	It is necessary to adjust criteria to the domestic situation by coordinating the basic rules in SMC.

were encountered, and the solutions to these problems are suggested in the table.

6.3. Analysis of the Results and Achievement

As described above, the verification process of the proposed quality checking requirements was conducted. According to the characteristics of the case model, the achievement of the quality check result by the quality check target was different. The achievement of the quality checking is obtained by

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill Achievement=& \left[\frac{Average value}{\left(Reflectivity\times Expected average value/100\right)}\right]\hfill \\ & \times \left(\frac{Relectivity}{Total reflectivity}\right)\times 100\hfill \end{array}$$

(8)

In detail, the achievement of the quality check target for Case 1 is shown in the following

Table 15. The achievement score by criteria.

Criteria	Space Check	Design Check	Construction Check
Reflectivity (%)	30	30	40
Quality Check target	Physical information quality Data quality	Physical information quality Logical information quality Data quality	Physical information quality Logical information quality
Average value	26	3	319
Expected average value	50	50	80

and

Table 16. The achievement score by quality check target.

Quality Check Target	Space Check	Design Check	Construction Check	Total
Physical information quality	10	2	319	331
Logical information quality	0	2	80	82
Data quality	42	2	0	43

.

According to the quality checking requirements proposed in this study, the comparison of achievement according to the quality checking results of each case model is shown in the following Figure 10. It is possible to secure design quality through continuous quality control by reflecting the result of quality checking.

7. Conclusions

A vast amount of design information exists throughout the construction industry, and design assessment and quality control should be conducted to deal with this information. Continuous checks in the design phase should be made; a BIM-based quality check is an effective way to achieve this. However, BIM-based quality checking cannot be achieved systematically due to lack of criteria and an application plan (e.g., system side), although the approach can reorganize and assess design information.

This study aimed to developed element technology and application plans for systematic quality control, and to improve the quality of architectural design in the BIM environment. Specifically, the research analyzed output information and design phase work in the design process, and then derived detailed quality control targets for a series of cases (e.g., guidelines, software) and Korean regulations. The targets for quality control were developed with respect to requirements for space check criteria, design check criteria, and construction check criteria according to the nature and purpose of the works. The regulation check contents of these requirements were included in the design check criteria. In addition, definitions of the process and development of various required element technologies were suggested for applications in architectural design quality control based on BIM. The results of these quality control processes were verified by quality checking software (including the developed contents) based on rules.

The quality control requirements classified targets to be considered when creating and assessing BIM data, and are essential for supporting common works in the design process. Therefore, design quality could be improved when quality control requirements are actively utilized. In addition, checklists classified by detailed criteria for design requirements can be utilized to track the progress of quality checking through self-checking.

Architects and designers who wish to check design quality in the design process or evaluation can expect improvements in quality by following a step-by-step approach with respect to the detailed checking of results. Rule-based quality checking software can support quality checking according to quality control requirements, and reduce inefficiencies in the use of time and human resources. Errors noted in quality checking results could be minimized by improving the performance of the checking system with respect to the requirements. It is expected that software would maximize the reliability of results and the efficiency of quality control.

The scope of the quality control requirements applied in this study is limited to the design process, and it may be impractical to apply quality control throughout the project’s life cycle. To overcome this limitation, the application scope of quality control should be expanded to various phases such as construction and maintenance.