Deformation Characteristics of the Shear Zone and Movement of Block Stones in Soil–Rock Mixtures Based on Large-Sized Shear Test
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Test Specimen Preparation
3. Methodology
3.1. Large-Sized Shear Test Apparatus
3.2. Test Design
3.3. Shear Deformation Monitoring Method
3.4. Test Procedure
4. Results
4.1. Analysis of the Deformation Characteristics of Al Wires
4.2. Analysis of Shear Deformation Characteristics
4.3. Parameters of the Shear Strength
5. Discussion
5.1. Range Analysis of the Key Shear Zone Thickness
5.2. Influence of Stone Content on the Key Shear Zone Thickness
5.3. Influence of Block Size on the Key Shear Zone Thickness
5.4. Influence of Vertical Pressure on the Key Shear Zone Thickness
6. Conclusions
- The combination of Al wires and dry ash could be used to measure the deformation of the shear zone directly in large-sized direct shear tests of SRM;
- The stone contents 30% and 70% were two critical thresholds to determine the deformation characteristics of SRM;
- The stone content had the greatest effect on the thickness of the key shear zone; the vertical pressure was second, and then the block stone size;
- Under the conditions of high stone content (70%) and large particle size (group L3), the block stones distributed near the shear plane were dominated by dilatancy and generated extrusion, angular shear, and dislocation redistribution with changes in the shear deformation;
- The failure mode of SRM could be generalized as a process of gradual expansion and destruction caused by compaction at the top, creep at the toe, and then shearing rupture in the middle of the slope;
- The possibility to excavate the samples along a vertical face was clear evidence of the strengthening effects of the negative pore water pressures of samples.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location | Landslide Name | Composition | Sliding Zone Thickness, h (m) | Sliding Body Thickness, h’ (m) | h/h’ (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mengla County in Yunnan | H1 landslide | Crushed stone and clay | 0.4~0.7 | 3.0 | 13.3~23.3 | [49] |
Ya’an City in Sichuan | Tiangongsi landslide | Silty clay with pebbles | 0.3~0.5 | 4.0 | 7.5~12.5 | [50] |
Guixi City in Guangxi | Jiuxu landslide | Clay, gravel, and weathered rock | 0.3~4.0 | 13.3 | 2.3~30.1 | [51] |
Minjiang in Sichuan | H1 landslide | Pebbly silty clay | 0.1~0.55 | 5.2 | 1.9~10.6 | [52] |
Tongguan County in Shanxi | Fenghuang mountain H2 landslide | Loess | <0.5 | 6.5 | <7.7 | [53] |
Ankang City in Shanxi | Ziyang landslide | Clay with gravel | 0.5~1.0 | 6.0 | 8.3~16.7 | [54] |
Puge City in Sichuan | Dacao Village landslide | Silt with gravel | 0.4~1.5 | 7.0 | 5.7~21.4 | [55] |
Lanzhou City in Gansu | Bao’ensi landslide | Silt, mudstone fragments with sandstone detritus | 0.2~1.0 | 16.4 | 1.2~6.1 | [56] |
Xuanhan County in Sichuan | Pianyanzi landslide | Silty clay with weathered mudstone and sandstone fragments | 0.5~1.2 | 12.0 | 4.2~10.0 | [57] |
Stone Size (mm) | Stone Content (%) | Vertical Stress (kPa) | Shear Strength | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
50 | 200 | 300 | 400 | c (kPa) | φ (°) | ||||||
d’ (cm) | d (cm) | d’ (cm) | d (cm) | d’ (cm) | d (cm) | d’ (cm) | d (cm) | ||||
L0 (<5.0) | 0 | 3.9 | 5.1 | 4.3 | 5.5 | 3.5 | 4.6 | 3.7 | 5.0 | 33.3 | 17.9 |
L1 (9.5–19.0) | 30 | 4.7 | 6.2 | 5.4 | 7.1 | 5.6 | 7.5 | 4.5 | 6.2 | 13.0 | 24.7 |
50 | 6.1 | 6.8 | 6.4 | 7.9 | 6.8 | 9.1 | 5.2 | 6.6 | 15.3 | 33.4 | |
70 | 5.5 | 7.3 | 6.4 | 8.6 | 5.2 | 7.3 | 6.1 | 9.4 | 31.5 | 37.9 | |
L2 (19.0–31.5) | 30 | 4.3 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 7.2 | 5.3 | 6.5 | 5.5 | 7.0 | 15.0 | 28.7 |
50 | 6.3 | 7.9 | 7.2 | 9.1 | 6.5 | 8.3 | 6.9 | 8.8 | 16.6 | 35.0 | |
70 | 6.1 | 7.5 | 6.7 | 8.5 | 6.1 | 8.3 | 6.6 | 7.7 | 25.2 | 41.0 | |
L3 (31.5–53.0) | 30 | 4.7 | 7.2 | 4.9 | 7.5 | 5.0 | 6.7 | 4.3 | 7.1 | 25.5 | 31.2 |
50 | 5.3 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 8.3 | 6.8 | 8.2 | 6.5 | 7.5 | 30.5 | 40.7 | |
70 | 7.2 | 8.2 | 6.5 | 7.4 | 7.3 | 9.2 | 7.7 | 8.9 | 46.4 | 43.7 |
Factors | Stone Content (%) A | Vertical Pressure (kPa) B | Block Stone Size (mm) C | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Levels | ||||
1 | 0 | 50 | 0 | |
2 | 30 | 200 | L1 (9.5–19.0) | |
3 | 50 | 300 | L2 (19.0–31.5) | |
4 | 70 | 400 | L3 (31.5–53.0) |
Number | Factors | Key Shear Zone Thickness (cm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | ||
1 | 1 (0) | 1 (50) | 1 (0) | 3.9 |
2 | 1 (0) | 2 (200) | 2 (L1) | 4.3 |
3 | 1 (0) | 3 (300) | 3 (L2) | 3.5 |
4 | 1 (0) | 4 (400) | 4 (L3) | 3.7 |
5 | 2 (30) | 1 (50) | 2 (L1) | 4.7 |
6 | 2 (30) | 2 (200) | 1 (0) | 4.3 |
7 | 2 (30) | 3 (300) | 4 (L3) | 5.0 |
8 | 2 (30) | 4 (400) | 3 (L2) | 5.5 |
9 | 3 (50) | 1 (50) | 3 (L2) | 6.3 |
10 | 3 (50) | 2 (200) | 4 (L3) | 6.6 |
11 | 3 (50) | 3 (300) | 1 (0) | 3.5 |
12 | 3 (50) | 4 (400) | 2 (L1) | 5.2 |
13 | 4 (70) | 1 (50) | 4 (L3) | 7.2 |
14 | 4 (70) | 2 (200) | 3 (L2) | 6.7 |
15 | 4 (70) | 3 (300) | 2 (L1) | 5.2 |
16 | 4 (70) | 4 (400) | 1 (0) | 3.7 |
?K1 | 3.85 | 5.53 | 5.13 | ∑ = 79.3 |
?K2 | 4.88 | 5.48 | 4.85 | |
?K3 | 5.40 | 4.30 | 5.50 | |
?K4 | 5.70 | 4.53 | 5.63 | |
Rj | 1.85 | 1.23 | 0.78 |
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Li, Z.; Hu, F.; Qi, S.; Hu, R.; Zhou, Y.; Bai, Y. Deformation Characteristics of the Shear Zone and Movement of Block Stones in Soil–Rock Mixtures Based on Large-Sized Shear Test. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 6475. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186475
Li Z, Hu F, Qi S, Hu R, Zhou Y, Bai Y. Deformation Characteristics of the Shear Zone and Movement of Block Stones in Soil–Rock Mixtures Based on Large-Sized Shear Test. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(18):6475. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186475
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Zhiqing, Feng Hu, Shengwen Qi, Ruilin Hu, Yingxin Zhou, and Yawei Bai. 2020. "Deformation Characteristics of the Shear Zone and Movement of Block Stones in Soil–Rock Mixtures Based on Large-Sized Shear Test" Applied Sciences 10, no. 18: 6475. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186475
APA StyleLi, Z., Hu, F., Qi, S., Hu, R., Zhou, Y., & Bai, Y. (2020). Deformation Characteristics of the Shear Zone and Movement of Block Stones in Soil–Rock Mixtures Based on Large-Sized Shear Test. Applied Sciences, 10(18), 6475. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186475