Biological Risk for Hypogea: Shared Data from Etruscan Tombs in Italy and Ancient Tombs of the Baekje Dynasty in Republic of Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Etruscan Tombs in Italy
2.2. The Ancient Tombs of Baekje Dynasty in Republic of Korea
3. Results
3.1. The Etruscan Tombs
3.1.1. Recurrent Biodeterioration Phenomena
3.1.2. Conservation Treatments
3.2. The Ancient Tombs of the Baekje Dynasty
3.2.1. Recurrent Biodeterioration Phenomena
3.2.2. Conservation Treatments
4. Discussion
4.1. Biodeteriogenic Taxa, Phenomenology of Alteration and Biodeteriogenic Processes
4.2. Environmental and Biotic Influences
4.3. Indirect Control Methods and Biocide Treatments
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biodeterioration Patterns | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Green | White Patina | White Fluffy | Whitish-Gray | Gray | Rose/Purple | Brown-Blackish | |||
Phototrophs | Phototrophs | +++ | |||||||
Algae | Diatoms | +/+ | |||||||
Apatococcus sp. | + | ||||||||
Chlorella sp. | + | ||||||||
Chlorella vulgaris | + | ||||||||
Muriella terrestris | + | ||||||||
Stichococcus sp. | + | ||||||||
Pseudococcomyxa simplex | + | ||||||||
Trebouxia sp. | + | ||||||||
Cyanobacteria | Chroococcus sp. | + | |||||||
Gloeocapsa sp. | + | ||||||||
Leptolyngbya sp. | + | ||||||||
Lyngbya sp. | ++ | ||||||||
Actinobacteria | Actinobacteria | ++/++ | + | + | + | ||||
Arthrobacter sp. | + | ||||||||
Cellulosimicrobium sp. | + | ||||||||
Dermacoccus sp. | + | ||||||||
Isoptericola sp. | + | ||||||||
Microbacterium sp. | + | ||||||||
Micrococcus sp. | + | ||||||||
Mycobacterium sp. | + | ||||||||
Nocardia sp. | + | ||||||||
Pseudonocardia sp. | + | ||||||||
Rhodococcus sp. | ++/++ | ||||||||
Sinomonas sp. | + | ||||||||
Streptomyces sp. | + | ++/+ | ++ | ||||||
Other bacteria | Other Bacteria | ++ | ++ | ++ | + | ||||
Firmicutes | Firmicutes | ++ | |||||||
Bacillus sp. | ++/++ | ||||||||
Bacillus cereus | + | ||||||||
Bacillus megaterium | + | ||||||||
Bacillus simplex | + | ||||||||
Paenibacillus sp. | ++/++ | ||||||||
Proteobacteria | Proteobacteria | +++ | |||||||
Alphaproteobacteria | + | ||||||||
Rhizobiales | ++ | ||||||||
Bradyrhizobium sp. | +/+ | ||||||||
Hyphomicrobium sp. | ++ | ||||||||
Pedomicrobium sp. | + | ||||||||
Phyllobacterium sp. | + | ||||||||
Prosthemicrobium sp. | + | ||||||||
Ochrobactrum sp. | +/+ | ||||||||
Betaproteobacteria | |||||||||
Crenobacter sp. | + | ||||||||
Cupriavidus sp. | + | ||||||||
Burkholderia sp. | + | ||||||||
Variovorax sp. | + | ||||||||
Gammaproteobacteria | + | ||||||||
Dyella sp. | + | ||||||||
Lysobacter sp. | + | ||||||||
Pseudomonas sp. | + | + | |||||||
Serratia sp. | + | ||||||||
Stenotrophomonas sp. | +/+ | ||||||||
Acidobacteria | + |
Biodeterioration Patterns | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Green | White Patina | White Fluffy | Whitish-Gray | Gray | Brown-Blackish | |||
Mucoromycota | Mortierella sp. | ++/+ | ||||||
Mortierella alpina | + | |||||||
Mortierella ramanniana | + | |||||||
Mucor sp. | +/+ | + | ||||||
Mucor racemosus | ++ | + | ||||||
Rhizomucor sp. | + | |||||||
Umbelopsis sp. | + | |||||||
Ascomycota | Sordariomycetes | Acremonium sp. | + | + | ||||
Acremonium-like fungi | + | |||||||
Chaetomium sp. | + | |||||||
Doratomyces sp. | ++ | |||||||
Engyodontium sp. | + | |||||||
Engyodontium album | + | |||||||
Fusarium sp. | ++ | ++ | ||||||
Fusarium oxysporum | + | |||||||
Fusarium solani | + | |||||||
Glyomastix cerealis | +++ | |||||||
Hypocrea sp. | + | |||||||
Isaria farinosa | + | |||||||
Lecanicillium sp. | + | |||||||
Microascus sp. | + | |||||||
Purpureocillium sp. | + | |||||||
Scopulariopsis sp. | + | + | ||||||
Scopulariopsis brevicaulis | + | |||||||
Torrubiella sp. | + | |||||||
Trichocladium asperum | + | |||||||
Trichoderma sp. | + | + | + | |||||
Verticillium sp. | + | |||||||
Verticillium bulbillosum | +++ | + | ||||||
Eurotiomycetes | Aspergillus sp. | + | ||||||
Aspergillus creber | + | |||||||
Aspergillus flavus | + | |||||||
Aspergillus versicolor | + | |||||||
Eurotium sp. | + | |||||||
Eurotium herbariorum | + | |||||||
Exophiala sp. | + | |||||||
Exophiala angulospora | + | |||||||
Paecilomyces sp. | + | + | ++ | |||||
Penicillium sp. | + | +/+ | ++ | + | ||||
Penicillium brevicumpactum | + | |||||||
Penicillium communis | + | |||||||
Penicillium miczynszii | + | |||||||
Penicillium rugulosum | + | |||||||
Dothideomycetes | Cladosporium sp. | + | ++ | |||||
Cladosporium cladosporioides | + | + | ||||||
Paraphaeosphaeria sp. | + | |||||||
Preussia terricola | + | |||||||
Epicoccum sp. | + | |||||||
Leotiomycetes | ||||||||
Geomyces pannorum | + | |||||||
Saccharomycetes | ||||||||
Geotrichum sp. | + |
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Caneva, G.; Isola, D.; Lee, H.J.; Chung, Y.J. Biological Risk for Hypogea: Shared Data from Etruscan Tombs in Italy and Ancient Tombs of the Baekje Dynasty in Republic of Korea. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 6104. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10176104
Caneva G, Isola D, Lee HJ, Chung YJ. Biological Risk for Hypogea: Shared Data from Etruscan Tombs in Italy and Ancient Tombs of the Baekje Dynasty in Republic of Korea. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(17):6104. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10176104
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaneva, Giulia, Daniela Isola, Hyun Ju Lee, and Yong Jae Chung. 2020. "Biological Risk for Hypogea: Shared Data from Etruscan Tombs in Italy and Ancient Tombs of the Baekje Dynasty in Republic of Korea" Applied Sciences 10, no. 17: 6104. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10176104