Global Health Governance: Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the Doha Declaration, and Democratisation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Two Case Studies for International Public Health Policy
2.1. The Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health
2.2. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
3. Challenges for Implementing Global Health Agreements: The Architecture of Global Health
3.1. Global Funding Arrangements are Unsustainable under the Current Architecture
3.2. Funding Conditions Narrow Provisions to Protect Public Health
3.3. The Negotiation and Implementation of International Public Health Agreements have been Unduly Influenced by Vested Interests
4. Reconnecting the Disconnected
5. Conclusion
- International Reference Pricing (IRP) compares the prices for the same medicine in different countries and the reference price for that medicine is determined by an arbitrary statistical calculation (i.e., average of all, average of lowest 3 countries) [23].
References
- Lee, K.; Fidler, D. Avian and pandemic influenza: Progress and problems with global health governance. Glob. Public Health 2007, 2, 215–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bartsch, S.; Kohlmorgen, L. The Role of Civil Society Organisations in Global Health Governance. In Global Health Governance and the Fight Against HIV/AIDS; Hein, W., Bartsch, S., Kohlmorgen, L., Eds.; Palgrave Macmillan: Hampshire, UK, 2007; pp. 92–118. [Google Scholar]
- Ng, N.Y.; Ruger, J.P. Global health governance at a crossroads. Glob. Health Gov. 2011, 3, 1–36. [Google Scholar]
- Brown, T.M.; Cueto, M.; Fee, E. The World Health Organization and the transition from “International” to “Global” public health. Am. J. Public Health 2006, 96, 62–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silver, G.A. International health services need an interorganizational policy. Am. J. Public Health 1998, 88, 727–729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- The Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDSTuberculosis and MalariaThe Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Global Fund Welcomes US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton support for Global Fund; The Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria: Geneva, Switzerland, 9 November. In Global Fund Welcomes US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton support for Global Fund; The Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria: Geneva, Switzerland, 9 November 2011; (accessed on 4 March 2012). Available online: http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/mediacenter/pressreleases/2011-11-09_Global_Fund_welcomes_U_S__Secretary_of_State_Hillary_Clinton_support_for_Global_Fund/.
- World Trade Organisation. Understanding the WTO: Intellectual Property: Protection and Enforcement; World Trade Organisation: Geneva, Switzerland, 2011. Available online: http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm7_e.htm (acccessed on 12th December 2011).
- Sell, S.K. Trips-plus free trade agreements and access to medicines. Liverp. Law Rev. 2007, 28, 41–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Trade Organization. Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health; World Trade Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2001. Available online: http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min01_e/mindecl_trips_e.htm (accessed on September 2010).
- Finnemore, M. Norms, culture, and world politics: Insights from sociology’s institutionalism. Int. Org. 1996, 50, 325–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- t Hoen, E. The Global Politics of Pharmaceutical Monopoly Power: Drug Patents, Access, Innovation and the Application of the WTO Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health; AMB Publishers: Diemen, The Netherlands, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- t Hoen, E. TRIPS, pharmaceutical patents, and access to essential medicines. Chic. J. Int. Law 2002, 3, 27–46. [Google Scholar]
- Sell, S.A. Private Power, Public Law: The Globalisation of Intellectual Property Rights; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Drahos, P. Four lessons for developing countries from the trade negotiations over access to medicines. Liverp. Law Rev. 2007, 28, 11–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Correa, C.M. Intellectual Property Rights and Inequalities in Health Outcomes, WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health. In Globalization Knowledge Network Research Paper; Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa: Ottawa, Canada, 2007; pp. 1–28. [Google Scholar]
- Millennium Development Goal Gap Task Force, Strengthening the Global Partnership for Development in a Time of Crisis; United Nations: Geneva, Switzerland, 2009; p. 50.
- World Health Organisation (WHO), WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control; World Health Organisation: Geneva, Switzerland, 2005.
- Mamadu, H.M.; Glantz, S.A. Civil society and the negotiation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Glob. Public Health 2009, 4, 150–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Framework Convention Alliance. FCA Membership Directory. Available online: http://www.fctc.org/index.php?option=com_sobi2&catid=8&Itemid=26 (accessed on 27 February 2012).
- Mamadu, H.M.; Hammond, R.; Glantz, S.A. International trade versus public health during the FCTC negotiations, 1999-2003. Tob. Control 2011, 20, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Assunta, M.; Chapman, S. Health treaty dilution: A case study of Japan’s influence on the language of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. J Epidemiol. Commun.Health 2006, 60, 751–756. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grüning, T.; Weishaar, H.; Collin, J.; Gilmore, A.B. Tobacco industry attempts to influence and use the German government to undermine the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Tob. Control 2012, 21, 30–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Innovative Medicines South Africa (IMSA). Referencing Pricing–Background Informtion and IMSA Position; IMSA: Houghton, South Africa, N.D; pp. 1–4. Available online: http://www.imsa.org.za/files/Library/IMSA%20Position%20Statements%20and%20Issues(1)/IMSA% 20Position%20on%20Reference%20Pricing.pdf (accessed on 8 March 2012).
- World Health Organisation (WHO), Global Progress Report on Implementation of the WHOFramework Convention on Tobacco Control; World Health Organisation: Geneva, Switzerland, 2010.
- Albuja, S.; Daynard, R.A. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and the adoption of domestic tobacco control policies: The Ecaudorian experience. Tob. Control 2009, 18, 18–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sussman, S.; Pokhrel, P.; Black, D.; Kohrman, M.; Hamann, S.; Vateesatokit, P.; Nsimba, S.E.D. Tobacco control in developing countries: Tanzania, Nepal, China and Thailand as examples. Nicotone Tob. Res. 2007, 9, S447–S457. [Google Scholar]
- Lin, V. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and health promotion: strengthening the ties. Global Health Promotion 2010, 17, 76–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wipfli, H.; Stillman, F.; Tamplin, S.; Luiza de Costa e Silva, V. Achieving the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control’s potential by investing in national capacity. Tob. Control 2004, 13, 433–437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ross, H.; Stoklosa, M. Development assistance for global tobacco control. Tob. Control 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Callard, C. Follow the Money: How the billions of dollars that flow from smokers in poor nations to companies in rich nations greatly exceed funding for global tobacco control and what might be done about it. Tob. Control 2010, 19, 285–290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Calain, P. From the field side of the binoculars: A different view on global public health surveillance. Health Policy Plan. 2007, 22, 13–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- The Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDSTuberculosis and MalariaThe Global Fund Adopts New Strategy to Save 10 Million Lives by 2016; The Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria: Geneva, Switzerland, 2011.
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), MSF Response to Unprecedented Decision to Cancel Funding Round of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria; Médecins Sans Frontières: Geneva, Switzerland, 2011.
- World Health Organisation (WHO), WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic; World Health Organisation: Geneva, Switzerland, 2009.
- Bloomberg Philanthropies and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Michael Bloomberg and Bill Gates Join to Combat Global Tobacco Epidemic; Bloomberg Philanthropies and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation: New York, NY, USA, 23 July 2008. Available online: http://www.tobaccofreecenter.org/files/pdfs/en/Bloomberg-GatesReleaseFinal.pdf (accessed on 8 December 2011).
- Beall, R.; Kuhn, R. Trends in compulsory licensing of pharmceuticals since the Doha declaration: A database analysis. PLoS Med. 2012, 9, e1001154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Birn, A. Gate’s grandest challenge: Transcending technology as public health ideology. Lancet 2005, 366, 514–519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baum, F. From Norm to Eric: Avoiding lifestyle drift in Australian health policy. Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health 2011, 35, 404–406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baum, F.E.; Sanders, D.M. Ottawa 25 years on: A more radical agenda for health equity is still required. Health Promot. Int. 2011, 26, 253–257. [Google Scholar]
- De Leeuw, E.; Clavier, C. Healthy public in all policies. Health Promot. Int. 2011, 26, 237–244. [Google Scholar]
- Hunter, D.J.; Popay, J.; Tannahill, C.; Whitehead, M. Getting to grips with health inequalities at last? Marmot Review calls for renewed action to create a fairer society. BMJ 2010, 340, 323–324. [Google Scholar]
- Barraclough, S.; Marrow, M. The political economy of tobacco and poverty alleviation in Southeast Asia: Contradictions in the role of the state. Glob. Health Promot. 2010, 17, 40–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lv, J.; Su, M.; Hong, Z.; Zhang, T.; Wang, B.; Li, M. Implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in mainland China. Tob. Control 2011, 20, 309–314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Collin, J. Global health, equity and the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Glob. Health Promot. 2010, 17, 73–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chapman, S.; Freeman, B. Feature: From brand to bland—The demise of cigarette packaging. BMJ 2011, 343. [Google Scholar]
- Basheer, S. India’s tryst with TRIPS: The patents amendment act 2005. Indian J. Law Technol. 2006, 1, 15–46. [Google Scholar]
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Brazilians Demand Greater Access to Crucial HIV Drug; Médecins Sans Frontières: Geneva, Switzerland, 2011.
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), What Future for India’s Patent Act? Novartis vs. Union of India; Médecins Sans Frontières: Geneva, Switzerland, 2011.
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), Examples of the Importance of India as the “Pharmacy of the Developing World”; Médecins Sans Frontières: Geneva, Switerland, 2011.
- Srinivasan, S. The Compulsory Licence for Nexavar. Econ. Polit Weekly. 2012. Available online: http://www.epw.org.in/epw/uploads/articles/17300.pdf (accessed on 25 April 2012).
- Bilaterals.org. EU-India FTA-Consultation Draft on IPR Chapter (April 2010). 2010. Available online: http://www.bilaterals.org/spip.php?article17290 (accessed on 11 September 2011).
- De Gucht, K. Letter to Executive Director MSF Mr. von Schoen-Angerer; Médecins Sans Frontières: Geneva, Switzerland, 2010. Available online: http://msfaccess.org/sites/default/files/MSF_assets/Access/Docs/ACCESS_letter_ECTradeCommisioner_Gucht_ENG_2010.pdf (accessed on 12 September 2011).
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), India Says ‘No’ to Policy that Would Block Access to Affordable Medicine; Médecins Sans Frontières: Geneva, Switzerland, 2011.
- Stone, D.A. Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making; Norton: New York, NY, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Rosenberg, S. Comparative Chart of Pharmaceutical Patent and Data Provisions in the TRIPS Agreement, Free Trade Agreements between Trans-Pacific FTA Negotiating Countries and the U.S. and the U.S. Proposal to the Trans-Pacific FTA 2011. Public Citizen: Washington, DC, USA, 2 December 2011. Available online: http://www.citizen.org/Page.aspx?pid=5231 (accessed on 8 March 2012).
- Citizen Trade Campaign. Leaked Trans-Pacific FTA Texts Reveal U.S. Undermining Access to Medicine; Citizen Trade Campaign: Washington, DC, USA, 2011. Available online: http://www.citizenstrade.org/ctc/blog/2011/10/22/leaked-trans-pacific-fta-texts-reveal-u-s-undermining-access-to-medicine/ (accessed on 8 March 2012).
- Dryzek, J.S. Deliberative Global Politics: Discourse and Democracy in A Divided World; Polity Press: Cambridge, UK, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- The Peoples Health Movement. The People’s Health Movement: A People’s Campaign for Health for All-Now! Peoples Health Movement. 2006. Available online: http://www.phmovement.org/en/node/189 (accessed on 10 September 2011).
- Global Health Watch, Homepage. Available online: http://www.ghwatch.org/ (accessed on 13 December 2011).
- Cohen, E.R.M.; Hassan, M.; Berndston, K.; Saunders, V.; Hadfield, T.; Panjwani, D.; Persad, D.L.; Minhas, G.S.; Daar, A.S.; Sing, J.A.; Singer, P.A. Public engagement on global health challenges. BMC Public Health 2008, 8, 1–8. [Google Scholar]
- Fishkin, J.S. Response to critics of when the people speak: The deliberative deficit and what to do about it. Good Soc. J. 2010, 19, 68–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baber, W.F.; Bartlett, R.V. Deliberative Environmental Politics: Democracy and Ecological Rationality; The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- David, A.; Esson, K.; Perucic, A.; Fitzpatrick, C. Tobacco Use: Equity and Social Determinants. In Equity, Social Determinants and Public Health Programmes; Blas, E., Kurup, A.S., Eds.; World Health Organisation: Geneva, Switzerland, 2010; pp. 199–218. [Google Scholar]
- Hansen, K.M.; Anderson, V.N. Deliberative democracy and the deliberative poll on the euro. Scand. Polit. Stud. 2004, 27, 261–286. [Google Scholar]
- He, B.; Thorgerson, S. Giving the people a voice? Experiments with consultative authoritative experiments in China. J. Contemp. China 2010, 19, 675–692. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yankelovich, D.; Rosell, S.; Gantwerk, H.; Friedman, W. The next big step in deliberative democracy. Kettering Rev. 2006, Fall, 54–66. [Google Scholar]
- Americaspeaks. Public Impacts: Evaluating the Outcomes of the CaliforniaSpeaks Statewide Conversation on Health Care Reform; Americaspeaks: Washington, DC, USA, N.D. Available online: http://californiaspeaks.org/wpcontent/_data/n_0002/resources/live/CaSpks%20Evaluation %20Report.pdf (accessed on 4 March 2012).
- Fung, A.; Taeku, L. The Difference Deliberation Makes: A Report on the CaliforniaSpeaks Statewide Conversations on Health Care Reform; Californiaspeaks, 2008. Available online: http://archonfung.net/docs/reports/CASpeaksReportFinalv3.pdf (accessed on 4 March 2012).
- CaliforniaSpeaks: The Public Weighs in on Current Health Care Reform Proposals; Americaspeaks: Washington, DC, USA, N.D. Available online: http://ckgroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/CA-Speaks-Report.pdf (accessed on 4 March 2012).
- Commers, M. Determinants of Health: Theory, Understanding, Portrayal, Policy; Kluwer Academic: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Hooker, C.; Chapman, S. Deliberately personal: Tobacco control debates and deliberative democracy in New South Wales. Crit. Public Health 2006, 16, 35–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brown, G.W. Safeguarding deliberative global governance: The case of the global fund to fight AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. Rev. Int. Stud. 2010, 36, 511–530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harman, S. The World Bank and HIV/AIDS: Setting a Global Agenda; Routledge: London, UK, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Drager, N.; Sunderland, L. Governance and Moving Forward the Global Health Agenda: A Perspective from the World Health Organization. In Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the International Studies Association (ISA) Chicago, IL, USA, 28 February-2 March 2007; pp. 1–9.
- Legge, D. Global Health Governance—The Need for Democratic Reform. In Proceedings of the Global Health Governance Reform Initiative; Geneva, Switzerland: 14-15 May, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Kickbusch, I.; Hein, W.; Silberschmidt, G. Addressing global health governance challenges through a new mechanism: The proposal for a Committee C of the World Health Assembly. Glob. Health Gov. 2010, Fall, 550–563. [Google Scholar]
© 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
Townsend, B.; Martin, E.; Löfgren, H.; De Leeuw, E. Global Health Governance: Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the Doha Declaration, and Democratisation. Adm. Sci. 2012, 2, 186-202. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci2020186
Townsend B, Martin E, Löfgren H, De Leeuw E. Global Health Governance: Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the Doha Declaration, and Democratisation. Administrative Sciences. 2012; 2(2):186-202. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci2020186
Chicago/Turabian StyleTownsend, Belinda, Erik Martin, Hans Löfgren, and Evelyne De Leeuw. 2012. "Global Health Governance: Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), the Doha Declaration, and Democratisation" Administrative Sciences 2, no. 2: 186-202. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci2020186