A Review of Landfills, Waste and the Nearly Forgotten Nexus with Climate Change
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Review of Problems Arising from Landfills
3. Review of Alternatives to the Landfill Solution
3.1. Incineration
3.2. Capping Landfills
3.3. Mechanical Biological Treatment
4. Towards Zero Waste and a Circular Economy
4.1. Problematic Plastic
4.2. Reducing Plastic Waste
4.3. Technology-Based Solutions to Plastic Waste
Strategies | Tactics and Actions |
---|---|
(i) Locally imposed bans and fees on single-use plastics; (ii) Legislative toolkits developed for communities and states to create ordinances to restrict or ban plastic items. | Some single-use plastic items, e.g., straws, bags and polystyrene often of low value and unprofitable to collect and recycle. Eliminate single-use with: (i) Better quality alternative materials, e.g., bamboo straws; (ii) Re-usables, e.g., personal cloth bags 1. |
Provide facilities to lead to the voluntary reduction of dominant elements of the plastic waste stream: single-use disposable bottles, plastic bags and food containers. | (i) Promote public water refill stations; (ii) Promote reverse vending machines and support container deposit in public places; (iii) Water refill stations; (iv) Incentivise to ensure that no bottle is left behind, e.g., cash refund, prizes (Abu Dhabi), transit tickets (Istanbul), telephone cards (Kuala Lumpur). |
Provide facilities to reduce the disposal of food containers as waste. | Provide a simple washing facility to remove food contamination. |
Improve range of plastic types which are recyclable. | Soft or crinkly plastics are now collected on a voluntary basis at some supermarkets in Sydney for processing into new and durable products (Redcycle—https://www.redcycle.net.au/ (accessed on 12 February 2021)). A company in the UK is also taking hard-to-recycle plastics and returning them to feedstock for new, similar products [83]. |
Improve bio-degradable alternatives to petro-plastic. | Compostable versions of plastic will still need to be handled responsibly through education and behavioural change. |
Recognise leaders in their quest to cut plastic waste, e.g., circularity philosophy. | Promote their goals and actions, especially design for multiple re-uses. |
Support extended producer responsibility (EPR) laws at the state level. | EPR legislation will decrease source pollution, e.g., by: (i) Requiring manufacturers to use recyclable and recycled materials; (ii) Developing recycling programs. EPR laws are proposed for plastic packaging in California and Washington states; |
Require profit-making businesses to take responsibility for their customers’ waste. | (i) Food retailers to stop issuing free plastic bags; (ii) Fast food operations to have waste bins at the exit of the drive-through lanes for responsible disposal of fast food packaging; (iii) Similarly, retailers and petrol filling stations need to operate bins for recyclables. |
4.4. Reducing Food Waste
4.5. Ensuring Metals and Glass Are Recycled
4.6. Dealing with Carpets and Textiles
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Blair, J.; Mataraarachchi, S. A Review of Landfills, Waste and the Nearly Forgotten Nexus with Climate Change. Environments 2021, 8, 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments8080073
Blair J, Mataraarachchi S. A Review of Landfills, Waste and the Nearly Forgotten Nexus with Climate Change. Environments. 2021; 8(8):73. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments8080073
Chicago/Turabian StyleBlair, John, and Sarath Mataraarachchi. 2021. "A Review of Landfills, Waste and the Nearly Forgotten Nexus with Climate Change" Environments 8, no. 8: 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments8080073
APA StyleBlair, J., & Mataraarachchi, S. (2021). A Review of Landfills, Waste and the Nearly Forgotten Nexus with Climate Change. Environments, 8(8), 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments8080073