An Axiology of Residual Green Urban Areas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Section 2 presents the theoretical and methodological approach to support participatory planning of residual green urban areas.
- Section 3 introduces the case study of two residual green urban areas in the municipality of Acireale;
- Section 4 reports and discusses the results;
- Section 5 proposes some reflections on the new methodological and operational approach to the rehabilitation of residual green urban areas a synthesis of the results and identifies the lines of future development of this research.
2. Methods
2.1. The Ecosystem Services Approach to Residual Green Urban Areas
- Life support (such as nutrient cycle, soil formation and primary production);
- Supply (such as food production, drinking water, materials or fuel);
- Regulation (such as regulating the climate and tides, water purification, pollination and infestation control);
- Cultural values (including aesthetic, spiritual, educational and recreational).
2.1.1. Contingent Valuation Method (CVM)
- Should rely on face-to-face interviews rather than telephone interviews;
- Should elicit (extract) the respondent’s WTP to prevent a future incident instead of the WTA from an incident that has already occurred;
- Should use a dichotomous choice elicitation format, meaning that respondents should be invited to express how they would vote, that is, whether they are in favour of or against a change in environmental quality;
- Should contain an accurate and comprehensible description of the programme or policy under consideration and its benefits in each of the scenarios;
- Should include asset replacement reminders to those under consideration and their relative budgets;
- Should include a follow-up section at the end of the questionnaire to ensure that respondents understood (or not) the choice that was requested of them.
- The first describes the effects of the intervention or policy, the contingent market and the conditions of access to the works or benefits of the policy (introductory section);
- In the second, the respondent is invited to declare his WTP for access to the work or the results of the policy described (evaluation section);
- The third section collects socio-demographic information on respondents that are useful to characterise their profile, understand the reasons for the declared WTP and verify the understanding of the survey and the evaluation request (final section).
- Noting the maximum WTP of the interviewee declared on the basis of values suggested in the questionnaire administered (close ended question), as suggested by the NOAA Panel, or with the technique single-bounded discrete choice, where a single figure is proposed;
- Noting the maximum WTP declared by the interviewee who is called to set a specific figure (open ended question) or with the bidding game format technique, which simulates a sort of auction.
2.1.2. Sample Validation and Correlations between Variables
2.2. The Partnerships for the Requalification of Residual Green Urban Areas
2.3. The Instrument for Financing the Rehabilitation of Residual Green Urban Areas
2.4. The New Approach to the Requalification of Residual Green Urban Areas
3. Materials
4. Results
- A. Co-Design Phase
- A.1. Identification of Ecosystem Services in the Area
- A.2. Promotion of Ecosystem Services in the Area
- A.3. Identification of the Needs of Citizens Living in the Neighbourhood
- A.4. Identification of Potential Project Alternatives and Intervention Costs
- Equipped green area (rainwater collection system).
- Equipped green area (rainwater collection system) + theatre.
- Equipped green area (rainwater collection system) + civic and teaching garden.
- Equipped green area without connection to Area 1.
- Equipped green area with connection to Area 1.
- Equipped green area with connection to Area 1 + internal square.
- Equipped green area with connection to Area 1 + internal square + dog play area.
- A.5. Verification of the Feasibility of Interventions by the Public Administration—Preselection of Alternatives
- A.6. Promotion and Communication of Project Alternatives only for Area 1
- A.7. Selection of the Project Alternative for Area 1
- A.8. Promotion and Communication of the Most Voted Alternative for Area 1
- B. Co-Finanging Phase
- B1. Estimate of Potential Donation from Citizens—WTP of Two Segments—Resident in the Neighbourhoods Involved in the Project and Resident in the Other Neighbourhoods of the City of Acireale
- B.2. Estimate of Potential Private Financing
- B.3. Estimated Potential Public Financing
- Verifying the financial coverage of the rehabilitation intervention
- C. Partnership
- D. Co-Management
- E. Collection of Funding Sources
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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The New Approach to the Rehabilitation of Residual Green Urban Areas Intended for Urban Green Spaces |
---|
1. Information and citizen awareness campaign promoted by a group of citizens or associations, or by the public administration. (Preliminary informative phase) |
2. Survey sample aimed at identifying the needs of citizens. (Needs analysis phase) |
3. Identification of some alternatives (costs, benefits, and potential stakeholders). (Preliminary design phase) |
4. Verification of some potential project alternatives by the public administration. (Preliminary verification phase) |
5. Information campaign for the promotion of the potential project alternatives. (Raising awareness of potential project alternatives phase) |
6. Sample survey aimed at identifying the feedback for potential project alternatives. (Analysis of adhesion/dissent and integration phase) |
7. Identification of the alternative. (Selection phase) |
8. Drafting of a membership scheme to support the partnership (PPP or CPPP). |
9. Communication campaign of selected project with off-line and on-line methodologies. (Promotion of project phase) |
10. Analysis of accessions to the project for financing. (Adhesion analysis and WTP phase) |
11. Identification of the mix of funding sources and share of the funding from crowdfunding. |
12. Launching of the crowdfunding with the help of the web platform. (Funding research phase) |
13. Launching the administrative procedure for the realisation of the project that has obtained financial coverage by crowdfunding. (Formalisation of the partnership and realisation of the works phase) |
Neighbourhoods Interested | Population by Neighbourhoods |
---|---|
San Martino | 1581 |
San Michele | 1897 |
Piazza Carmine | 2530 |
Mandorle | 949 |
Tupparello | 949 |
Stazione Vecchia | 949 |
Total population neighbourhoods | 8854 |
Urban standard—public green areas (Ministerial Decree No. 1444/1968) | Square meters per inhabitant |
9 | |
Current provision of green areas in neighbourhoods interested in the analysis | 0 |
Current deficit provision of green areas in neighbourhoods covered in the analysis | 9 |
New provision of green areas in neighbourhoods covered in the analysis | 2.02 |
New deficit of the new provision of green areas in neighbourhoods covered in the analysis | 6.98 |
Transformation cost of the Area 1 | |
1. Equipped green area (rainwater collection system) | € 145,387.67 |
2. Equipped green area (rainwater collection system) + theatre | € 226,158.59 |
3. Equipped green area (rainwater collection system) + civic and teaching garden | € 161,541.85 |
Transformation cost of the Area 2 | |
1. Equipped green area without connection to Area 1 | € 872,325.99 |
2. Equipped green area with connection to Area 1 | € 959,558.59 |
3. Equipped green area with connection to Area 1 + internal square | € 1,247,426.17 |
4. Equipped green area with connection to Area 1 + internal square + dog play area | € 1,295,404.10 |
Transformation Cost of the Area 1 (Alternative 3) | |
---|---|
Working the soil | € 2164.72 |
Rainwater collection system | € 54,770.19 |
Irrigation system | € 18,534.24 |
Planting of flowers | € 10,991.25 |
Planting of creepers | € 497.40 |
Planting of trees | € 3741.00 |
Laying of turf | € 5075.22 |
Erecting the fence and gate | € 11,954.80 |
Laying the “drainage paving” in the interior area | € 16,340.00 |
Laying the paving in the outdoor area | € 2401.00 |
LED lighting | € 17,917.02 |
Outdoor furniture | € 5188.95 |
Technical and general expenses. | € 11,966.06 |
3% | |
Total transformation cost | € 166,388.11 |
Financing Private Sector | |
---|---|
Donations from the commercial sector | € 25,000 |
Donations from private individuals | € 12,000 |
Donations from banks | € 10,000 |
Total financing private sector | € 47,000 |
Financing for the Rehabilitation Intervention | ||
---|---|---|
1. Amount to be financed | € 166,388 | |
2. Donations from the commercial sector | € 25,000 | |
3. Donations from private individuals | € 12,000 | |
4. Donations from banks | € 10,000 | |
5. WTP potential of the sample population | To be financed by crowdfunding | € 209,961 |
6. Civic solidarity contribution | € 10,194 | |
Total amount of financing | € 267,155 | |
Percentage of financing covered | 160.6% |
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Trovato, M.R. An Axiology of Residual Green Urban Areas. Environments 2021, 8, 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments8060053
Trovato MR. An Axiology of Residual Green Urban Areas. Environments. 2021; 8(6):53. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments8060053
Chicago/Turabian StyleTrovato, Maria Rosa. 2021. "An Axiology of Residual Green Urban Areas" Environments 8, no. 6: 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments8060053