Evaluating the Environmental Impacts of Personal Protective Equipment Use by the General Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of Lombardy (Northern Italy)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area: Epidemiological Situation and Social Implications
2.2. Population Data and Assumptions for PPE Use
2.2.1. Retrieved Databases
2.2.2. General Population
2.2.3. Industrial Sector
2.2.4. Retail Trade
2.2.5. Food Businesses
2.2.6. Services
2.3. Other Assumptions for PPE Use Estimation and Waste Management
3. Results
3.1. Estimation of the Load of Produced and Dispersed PPE Waste during 2020
3.2. Forecasting of the Future Periods
4. Discussion
4.1. Impacts on the Waste Management System
4.2. Impacts on the Environment: The Potential Effects of PPEs and Their Environmental Fate
4.3. Necessary Measures and Solutions for Minimizing the Impact
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Class of Age (Years) | Mobility Rate in 2019 (%) | Mobility Rate during the Phase 1 (%) | Assumed Mobility in Phases 2, 4 and 5 (%) | Number of People in Lombardy |
---|---|---|---|---|
14–29 | 91 | 57 | 74 | 1,551,026 |
30–45 | 94 | 66 | 80 | 2,112,238 |
46–64 | 92 | 66 | 79 | 2,847,495 |
65–80 | 72 | 30 | 51 | 1,650,392 |
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Binda, G.; Bellasi, A.; Spanu, D.; Pozzi, A.; Cavallo, D.; Bettinetti, R. Evaluating the Environmental Impacts of Personal Protective Equipment Use by the General Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of Lombardy (Northern Italy). Environments 2021, 8, 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments8040033
Binda G, Bellasi A, Spanu D, Pozzi A, Cavallo D, Bettinetti R. Evaluating the Environmental Impacts of Personal Protective Equipment Use by the General Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of Lombardy (Northern Italy). Environments. 2021; 8(4):33. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments8040033
Chicago/Turabian StyleBinda, Gilberto, Arianna Bellasi, Davide Spanu, Andrea Pozzi, Domenico Cavallo, and Roberta Bettinetti. 2021. "Evaluating the Environmental Impacts of Personal Protective Equipment Use by the General Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of Lombardy (Northern Italy)" Environments 8, no. 4: 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments8040033